Monday, August 9, 2010
Lipoic Acid Could Reduce Atherosclerosis
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Science News
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Lipoic Acid Could Reduce Atherosclerosis, Weight Gain
ScienceDaily (Jan. 17, 2008) — A new study done with mice has discovered that supplements of lipoic acid can inhibit formation of arterial lesions, lower triglycerides, and reduce blood vessel inflammation and weight gain -- all key issues for addressing cardiovascular disease.
See Also:
Health & Medicine
* Diet and Weight Loss
* Heart Disease
* Stroke Prevention
* Cholesterol
* Fitness
* Obesity
Reference
* Low density lipoprotein
* Hypercholesterolemia
* Polyphenol antioxidant
* High density lipoprotein
Although the results cannot be directly extrapolated beyond the laboratory, researchers report that "they strongly suggest that lipoic acid supplementation may be useful as an inexpensive but effective intervention strategy . . . reducing known risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory vascular diseases in humans."
The findings were made by scientists from the Linus Pauling Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine at Oregon State University, and the Department of Medicine at the University of Washington.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.
The study found that lipoic acid supplements reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in two types of mice that are widely used to study cardiovascular disease, by 55 percent and 40 percent, respectively. The supplements were also associated with almost 40 percent less body weight gain, and lower levels of triglycerides in very low-density lipoproteins.
As a result, the authors concluded that "lipoic acid may be a useful adjunct in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular diseases."
"We are excited about these results, particularly since the supplements of lipoic acid appear to provide several different mechanisms to improve cardiovascular health," said Balz Frei, professor and director of the Linus Pauling Institute. "They are helping in a fundamental way to reset and normalize metabolic processes, in ways that could help address one of the most significant health problems in the Western world.
"These findings also reinforce the need for more comprehensive human studies," Frei said. "That will be the next step in our research, in double-blind, randomized, clinical studies during the next five years with Oregon Health and Science University."
Alpha lipoic acid is a naturally occurring nutrient found at low levels in green leafy vegetables, potatoes and meats, especially organ meats such as kidney, heart or liver. The amounts used in this research would not be obtainable by any normal diet, researchers said, and for human consumption might equate to supplements of about 2,000 milligrams per day. Even at low, normal, dietary levels, the compound can play a key role in energy metabolism.
Atherosclerosis, or what used to be called "hardening of the arteries," is a long-term process that is now seen as a chronic inflammatory disease, which begins when certain types of white blood cells called monocytes bind to "adhesion molecules" on the walls of arteries. This in turn allows the monocytes to enter the arterial wall, there they become inflammatory macrophages that, in the presence of low density lipoprotein, or LDL, can transform into lipid-laden foam cells -- ultimately, an arterial fat deposit.
This chronic process often begins during adolescence, can continue for a lifetime, and has been linked to obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, diabetes, high blood pressure, genetic predisposition and other causes. The fatty deposits in arteries can ultimately trigger a heart attack or stroke.
Researchers now believe that high levels of alpha lipoic acid can be particularly useful in preventing this process, by inhibiting the formation of the adhesion molecules. It can also lower triglycerides, another important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It may also function as an antioxidant, and helps to normalize insulin signaling and glucose metabolism.
"From what we understand, this supplement would be most valuable as a preventive mechanism before people have advanced cardiovascular disease," Frei said. "However, it may help retard the process at any stage, and may also be of value in treating diabetic complications."
Also of considerable interest, Frei said, is the apparent role of lipoic acid supplementation in reducing weight gain. It appears to have this effect both through appetite suppression, an enhanced metabolic rate, and -- at least in laboratory animals -- has been shown to stimulate higher levels of physical activity, which again would increase caloric expenditure and further reduce weight.
Mice given lipoic acid supplements simply chose to eat less than a control group that did not receive supplements, suggesting a reduced appetite. In another test, mice that received supplements gained less weight than other mice in a control group that were given identical amounts to eat, suggesting a higher metabolic rate and enhanced activity levels.
Weight gain and obesity is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart disease, and lower weight and abdominal fat may be one of the mechanisms by which lipoic acid has beneficial effects, Frei said. The study concluded that "lipoic acid supplementation may be a promising approach to prevent weight gain and to lower cardiovascular disease risk in humans."
Although some of the most compelling research with lipoic acid research has been done in mouse models, scientists say, there should be a reasonable extrapolation to humans, because the lipoprotein profile is similar, as well as the composition of the atherosclerotic lesions. These mouse models are routinely used in studies of human atherosclerosis.
The full study was recently published in Circulation, a journal of the American Heart Association.
This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Science News
Share Blog Cite
Print Email Bookmark
Lipoic Acid Could Reduce Atherosclerosis, Weight Gain
ScienceDaily (Jan. 17, 2008) — A new study done with mice has discovered that supplements of lipoic acid can inhibit formation of arterial lesions, lower triglycerides, and reduce blood vessel inflammation and weight gain -- all key issues for addressing cardiovascular disease.
See Also:
Health & Medicine
* Diet and Weight Loss
* Heart Disease
* Stroke Prevention
* Cholesterol
* Fitness
* Obesity
Reference
* Low density lipoprotein
* Hypercholesterolemia
* Polyphenol antioxidant
* High density lipoprotein
Although the results cannot be directly extrapolated beyond the laboratory, researchers report that "they strongly suggest that lipoic acid supplementation may be useful as an inexpensive but effective intervention strategy . . . reducing known risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory vascular diseases in humans."
The findings were made by scientists from the Linus Pauling Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine at Oregon State University, and the Department of Medicine at the University of Washington.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.
The study found that lipoic acid supplements reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in two types of mice that are widely used to study cardiovascular disease, by 55 percent and 40 percent, respectively. The supplements were also associated with almost 40 percent less body weight gain, and lower levels of triglycerides in very low-density lipoproteins.
As a result, the authors concluded that "lipoic acid may be a useful adjunct in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular diseases."
"We are excited about these results, particularly since the supplements of lipoic acid appear to provide several different mechanisms to improve cardiovascular health," said Balz Frei, professor and director of the Linus Pauling Institute. "They are helping in a fundamental way to reset and normalize metabolic processes, in ways that could help address one of the most significant health problems in the Western world.
"These findings also reinforce the need for more comprehensive human studies," Frei said. "That will be the next step in our research, in double-blind, randomized, clinical studies during the next five years with Oregon Health and Science University."
Alpha lipoic acid is a naturally occurring nutrient found at low levels in green leafy vegetables, potatoes and meats, especially organ meats such as kidney, heart or liver. The amounts used in this research would not be obtainable by any normal diet, researchers said, and for human consumption might equate to supplements of about 2,000 milligrams per day. Even at low, normal, dietary levels, the compound can play a key role in energy metabolism.
Atherosclerosis, or what used to be called "hardening of the arteries," is a long-term process that is now seen as a chronic inflammatory disease, which begins when certain types of white blood cells called monocytes bind to "adhesion molecules" on the walls of arteries. This in turn allows the monocytes to enter the arterial wall, there they become inflammatory macrophages that, in the presence of low density lipoprotein, or LDL, can transform into lipid-laden foam cells -- ultimately, an arterial fat deposit.
This chronic process often begins during adolescence, can continue for a lifetime, and has been linked to obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, diabetes, high blood pressure, genetic predisposition and other causes. The fatty deposits in arteries can ultimately trigger a heart attack or stroke.
Researchers now believe that high levels of alpha lipoic acid can be particularly useful in preventing this process, by inhibiting the formation of the adhesion molecules. It can also lower triglycerides, another important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It may also function as an antioxidant, and helps to normalize insulin signaling and glucose metabolism.
"From what we understand, this supplement would be most valuable as a preventive mechanism before people have advanced cardiovascular disease," Frei said. "However, it may help retard the process at any stage, and may also be of value in treating diabetic complications."
Also of considerable interest, Frei said, is the apparent role of lipoic acid supplementation in reducing weight gain. It appears to have this effect both through appetite suppression, an enhanced metabolic rate, and -- at least in laboratory animals -- has been shown to stimulate higher levels of physical activity, which again would increase caloric expenditure and further reduce weight.
Mice given lipoic acid supplements simply chose to eat less than a control group that did not receive supplements, suggesting a reduced appetite. In another test, mice that received supplements gained less weight than other mice in a control group that were given identical amounts to eat, suggesting a higher metabolic rate and enhanced activity levels.
Weight gain and obesity is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart disease, and lower weight and abdominal fat may be one of the mechanisms by which lipoic acid has beneficial effects, Frei said. The study concluded that "lipoic acid supplementation may be a promising approach to prevent weight gain and to lower cardiovascular disease risk in humans."
Although some of the most compelling research with lipoic acid research has been done in mouse models, scientists say, there should be a reasonable extrapolation to humans, because the lipoprotein profile is similar, as well as the composition of the atherosclerotic lesions. These mouse models are routinely used in studies of human atherosclerosis.
The full study was recently published in Circulation, a journal of the American Heart Association.
This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Quercetin
Quercetin is a phytochemical that is part of the coloring found in the skins of apples and red onions. It has been isolated and is sold as a dietary supplement.
In the Body:
Quercetin is a powerful antioxidant. It is also a natural anti-histamine, and anti-inflammatory. Research shows that quercetin may help to prevent cancer, especially prostate cancer.
Why Use It:
Quercetin's antihistamine action may help to relieve allergic symptoms and asthma symptoms. The anti-inflammatory properties may help to reduce pain from disorders such as arthritis. Men who are concerned about prostate problems would also benefit from quercetin. Quercetin may also help reduce symptoms like fatigue, depression and anxiety.
Where To Find Quercetin:
To get more quercetin, you can increase your intake of apples and red onions, which will improve your diet. If you want more quercetin, you can take a dietary supplement. FRS Healthy Energy (buy direct) offers energy drinks with quercetin, green tea extract and vitamins.
In the Body:
Quercetin is a powerful antioxidant. It is also a natural anti-histamine, and anti-inflammatory. Research shows that quercetin may help to prevent cancer, especially prostate cancer.
Why Use It:
Quercetin's antihistamine action may help to relieve allergic symptoms and asthma symptoms. The anti-inflammatory properties may help to reduce pain from disorders such as arthritis. Men who are concerned about prostate problems would also benefit from quercetin. Quercetin may also help reduce symptoms like fatigue, depression and anxiety.
Where To Find Quercetin:
To get more quercetin, you can increase your intake of apples and red onions, which will improve your diet. If you want more quercetin, you can take a dietary supplement. FRS Healthy Energy (buy direct) offers energy drinks with quercetin, green tea extract and vitamins.
Monday, August 2, 2010
Asparagus -- Who Knew?
My Mom had been taking the full-stalk canned style
asparagus that she pureed and she took 4 tablespoons in
the morning and 4 tablespoons later in the day. She did
this for over a month. She is on chemo pills for Stage 3
lung cancer in the pleural area and her cancer count went
from 386 down to 125 as of this past week.
Her oncologist said she does not need to see him for 3 months.
THE ARTICLE:
Several years ago, I had a man seeking asparagus for a
friend who had cancer. He gave me a photocopied copy of
an article, entitled, Asparagus for cancer 'printed in
Cancer News Journal, December 1979. I will share it
here, just as it was shared with me: I am a biochemist,
and have specialized in the relation of diet to health
for over 50 years. Several years ago, I learned of the
discovery of Richard R. Vensal, D.D.S. that asparagus
might cure cancer. Since then, I have worked with him on
his project. We have accumulated a number of favorable
case histories. Here are a few examples:
Case No. 1,
A man with an almost hopeless case of Hodgkin's disease
(cancer of the lymph glands) who was completely incapacitated.
Within 1 year of starting asparagus therapy, his doctors were
unable to detect any signs of cancer, and he was back on a
schedule of strenuous exercise.
Case No. 2,
A successful businessman 68 years old who suffered from cancer
of the bladder for 16 years. After years of medical treatments,
including radiation without improvement, he went on asparagus.
Within 3 months, examinations revealed that his bladder
tumor had disappeared and that his kidneys were normal.
Case No. 3,
A man who had lung cancer. On March 5th 1971, he was put
on the operating table where they found lung cancer so
widely spread that it was inoperable. The surgeon sewed
him up and declared his case hopeless. On April 5th he
heard about the Asparagus therapy and immediately started
taking it By August, x-ray revealed that all signs of the cancer
had disappeared.. He is back at his regular business routine.
Case No. 4,
A woman who was troubled for a number of years with skin
cancer. She finally developed different skin cancers which were
diagnosed by the acting specialist as advanced. Within 3 months
after starting on asparagus, her skin specialist said that her skin
looked fine and no more skin lesions. This woman reported that
the asparagus therapy also cured her kidney disease, which started
in 1949. She had over 10 operations for kidney stones, and was
receiving government disability payments for an inoperable,
terminal, kidney condition. She attributes the cure of this kidney
trouble entirely to the asparagus.
I was not surprised at this result, as `The elements of
material medica', edited in 1854 by a Professor at the
University of Pennsylvania , stated that asparagus was
used as a popular remedy for kidney stones. He even
referred to experiments, in 1739, on the power of
asparagus in dissolving stones. Note the dates!
We would have other case histories but the medical
establishment has interfered with our obtaining some of
the records. I am therefore appealing to readers to
spread this good news and help us to gather a large
number of case histories that will overwhelm the medical
skeptics about this unbelievably simple and natural remedy.
For the treatment, asparagus should be cooked before
using, and therefore canned asparagus is just as good as
fresh. I have corresponded with the two leading canners
of asparagus, Giant and Stokely, and I am satisfied that
these brands contain no pesticides or preservatives.
Place the cooked asparagus in a blender and liquefy to
make a puree, and store in the refrigerator. Give the
patient 4 full tablespoons twice daily, morning and
evening. Patients usually show some improvement in from
2-4 weeks. It can be diluted with water and used as a
cold or hot drink. This suggested dosage is based on
present experience, but certainly larger amounts can do
no harm and may be needed in some cases. As a biochemist
I am convinced of the old saying that `what cures can
prevent.' Based on this theory, my wife and I have been
using asparagus puree as a beverage with our meals. We
take 2 tablespoons diluted in water to suit our taste
with breakfast and with dinner. I take mine hot and my
wife prefers hers cold. For years we have made it a
practice to have blood surveys taken as part of our
regular checkups. The last blood survey, taken by a
medical doctor who specializes in the nutritional
approach to health, showed substantial improvements in
all categories over the last one, and we can attribute
these improvements to nothing but the asparagus drink.
As a biochemist, I have made an extensive study of all
aspects of cancer, and all of the proposed cures. As a
result, I am convinced that asparagus fits in better
with the latest theories about cancer.
Asparagus contains a good supply of protein called
histones, which are believed to be active in controlling
cell growth.. For that reason, I believe asparagus can
be said to contain a substance that I call cell growth
normalizer. That accounts for its action on cancer and
in acting as a general body tonic. In any event,
regardless of theory, asparagus used as we suggest, is a
harmless substance. The FDA cannot prevent you from
using it and it may do you much good. It has been
reported by the US National Cancer Institute, that
asparagus is the highest tested food containing
glutathione, which is considered one of the body's most
potent anticarcinogens and antioxidants.
Please send this article to everyone in your Address Book.
The most unselfish act one can ever do is paying forward
all the kindness one has received, even to the most undeserved
person.
Histones
Histones are proteins around which DNA can wind. They play an important role in gene regulation in eukaryotic cells and in the Euryarchaea bacteria of the family Archaea. Histones are highly water soluble.
The six histone classes are H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4, and Archaeal. All but the H1 and Archaeal classes create nucleosome core particles by wrapping DNA around their protein spools; the H1 then binds nucleosomes and entry and exit sites of the DNA. Histones and DNA assembled in this way are called chromatin.
Histones have several functions. They pack proteins so that they'll fit inside cell nuclei. Packed DNA are 50,000 times shorter than unpacked ones. They also perform a function in gene regulation; methylation causes tighter bindings to down-regulate or even inhibit gene transcription, while acetylation loosens bindings to help encourage transcription and translation. The other functions performed by histones are phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and ADP-ribosylation.
Histones were discovered in 1884 by Albrecht Kossel, though he dismissed them as of little importance. Only recently has the real function and value of the histone in protein regulation been understood.
Web Resources On Histones
The Nucleus
Acetylation of Histones and Transcription-Related Factors
Book Resources On Histones
Histones and Other Basic Nuclear Proteins by Lubomir S. Hnilica et al
The structure and biological function of histones by Lubomir S Hnilica
Contributed by Jaribu BoBo (Marcella Jennings)
asparagus that she pureed and she took 4 tablespoons in
the morning and 4 tablespoons later in the day. She did
this for over a month. She is on chemo pills for Stage 3
lung cancer in the pleural area and her cancer count went
from 386 down to 125 as of this past week.
Her oncologist said she does not need to see him for 3 months.
THE ARTICLE:
Several years ago, I had a man seeking asparagus for a
friend who had cancer. He gave me a photocopied copy of
an article, entitled, Asparagus for cancer 'printed in
Cancer News Journal, December 1979. I will share it
here, just as it was shared with me: I am a biochemist,
and have specialized in the relation of diet to health
for over 50 years. Several years ago, I learned of the
discovery of Richard R. Vensal, D.D.S. that asparagus
might cure cancer. Since then, I have worked with him on
his project. We have accumulated a number of favorable
case histories. Here are a few examples:
Case No. 1,
A man with an almost hopeless case of Hodgkin's disease
(cancer of the lymph glands) who was completely incapacitated.
Within 1 year of starting asparagus therapy, his doctors were
unable to detect any signs of cancer, and he was back on a
schedule of strenuous exercise.
Case No. 2,
A successful businessman 68 years old who suffered from cancer
of the bladder for 16 years. After years of medical treatments,
including radiation without improvement, he went on asparagus.
Within 3 months, examinations revealed that his bladder
tumor had disappeared and that his kidneys were normal.
Case No. 3,
A man who had lung cancer. On March 5th 1971, he was put
on the operating table where they found lung cancer so
widely spread that it was inoperable. The surgeon sewed
him up and declared his case hopeless. On April 5th he
heard about the Asparagus therapy and immediately started
taking it By August, x-ray revealed that all signs of the cancer
had disappeared.. He is back at his regular business routine.
Case No. 4,
A woman who was troubled for a number of years with skin
cancer. She finally developed different skin cancers which were
diagnosed by the acting specialist as advanced. Within 3 months
after starting on asparagus, her skin specialist said that her skin
looked fine and no more skin lesions. This woman reported that
the asparagus therapy also cured her kidney disease, which started
in 1949. She had over 10 operations for kidney stones, and was
receiving government disability payments for an inoperable,
terminal, kidney condition. She attributes the cure of this kidney
trouble entirely to the asparagus.
I was not surprised at this result, as `The elements of
material medica', edited in 1854 by a Professor at the
University of Pennsylvania , stated that asparagus was
used as a popular remedy for kidney stones. He even
referred to experiments, in 1739, on the power of
asparagus in dissolving stones. Note the dates!
We would have other case histories but the medical
establishment has interfered with our obtaining some of
the records. I am therefore appealing to readers to
spread this good news and help us to gather a large
number of case histories that will overwhelm the medical
skeptics about this unbelievably simple and natural remedy.
For the treatment, asparagus should be cooked before
using, and therefore canned asparagus is just as good as
fresh. I have corresponded with the two leading canners
of asparagus, Giant and Stokely, and I am satisfied that
these brands contain no pesticides or preservatives.
Place the cooked asparagus in a blender and liquefy to
make a puree, and store in the refrigerator. Give the
patient 4 full tablespoons twice daily, morning and
evening. Patients usually show some improvement in from
2-4 weeks. It can be diluted with water and used as a
cold or hot drink. This suggested dosage is based on
present experience, but certainly larger amounts can do
no harm and may be needed in some cases. As a biochemist
I am convinced of the old saying that `what cures can
prevent.' Based on this theory, my wife and I have been
using asparagus puree as a beverage with our meals. We
take 2 tablespoons diluted in water to suit our taste
with breakfast and with dinner. I take mine hot and my
wife prefers hers cold. For years we have made it a
practice to have blood surveys taken as part of our
regular checkups. The last blood survey, taken by a
medical doctor who specializes in the nutritional
approach to health, showed substantial improvements in
all categories over the last one, and we can attribute
these improvements to nothing but the asparagus drink.
As a biochemist, I have made an extensive study of all
aspects of cancer, and all of the proposed cures. As a
result, I am convinced that asparagus fits in better
with the latest theories about cancer.
Asparagus contains a good supply of protein called
histones, which are believed to be active in controlling
cell growth.. For that reason, I believe asparagus can
be said to contain a substance that I call cell growth
normalizer. That accounts for its action on cancer and
in acting as a general body tonic. In any event,
regardless of theory, asparagus used as we suggest, is a
harmless substance. The FDA cannot prevent you from
using it and it may do you much good. It has been
reported by the US National Cancer Institute, that
asparagus is the highest tested food containing
glutathione, which is considered one of the body's most
potent anticarcinogens and antioxidants.
Please send this article to everyone in your Address Book.
The most unselfish act one can ever do is paying forward
all the kindness one has received, even to the most undeserved
person.
Histones
Histones are proteins around which DNA can wind. They play an important role in gene regulation in eukaryotic cells and in the Euryarchaea bacteria of the family Archaea. Histones are highly water soluble.
The six histone classes are H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4, and Archaeal. All but the H1 and Archaeal classes create nucleosome core particles by wrapping DNA around their protein spools; the H1 then binds nucleosomes and entry and exit sites of the DNA. Histones and DNA assembled in this way are called chromatin.
Histones have several functions. They pack proteins so that they'll fit inside cell nuclei. Packed DNA are 50,000 times shorter than unpacked ones. They also perform a function in gene regulation; methylation causes tighter bindings to down-regulate or even inhibit gene transcription, while acetylation loosens bindings to help encourage transcription and translation. The other functions performed by histones are phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and ADP-ribosylation.
Histones were discovered in 1884 by Albrecht Kossel, though he dismissed them as of little importance. Only recently has the real function and value of the histone in protein regulation been understood.
Web Resources On Histones
The Nucleus
Acetylation of Histones and Transcription-Related Factors
Book Resources On Histones
Histones and Other Basic Nuclear Proteins by Lubomir S. Hnilica et al
The structure and biological function of histones by Lubomir S Hnilica
Contributed by Jaribu BoBo (Marcella Jennings)
Sunday, August 1, 2010
Prostate Cancer Treatment
x-terpinene derived from
Chenopodium ambrosioides extract for treating uterine fibroids
Prostate Cancer Treatment
Learn More About Minimally Invasive Treatment For Faster Recovery Time.
www.RoboticOncology.com
A method of treating abnormal growths in a patient.
The growths include: cancers, tumors, fibroids, cysts, and cystadenomas.
Dry leaves and stalks of a Chenopodium ambrosioides plant into a dried tea.
Brew the dried tea in boiled water into a tea beverage.
Administer the tea beverage to the patient by having the patient drink the tea daily.
The method also reduces high PSA counts.
Chenopodium ambrosioides extract for treating uterine fibroids
Prostate Cancer Treatment
Learn More About Minimally Invasive Treatment For Faster Recovery Time.
www.RoboticOncology.com
A method of treating abnormal growths in a patient.
The growths include: cancers, tumors, fibroids, cysts, and cystadenomas.
Dry leaves and stalks of a Chenopodium ambrosioides plant into a dried tea.
Brew the dried tea in boiled water into a tea beverage.
Administer the tea beverage to the patient by having the patient drink the tea daily.
The method also reduces high PSA counts.
Saturday, July 31, 2010
EPAZOTE (Chenopodium ambrosioides)
Family: Chenopodiaceae
Genus: Chenopodium
Species: ambrosioides
Synonyms: Ambrina ambrosioides, A. parvula, A. spathulata, Atriplex ambrosioides, Blitum ambrosioides, Chenopodium anthelminticum, C. integrifolium, C. spathulatum, C. suffruticosum
Common Names: Epazote, erva-de-santa maria, wormseed, apasote, chenopode, feuilles a vers, herbe a vers, meksika cayi, paico, pazote, semen contra, semin contra, simon contegras, mexican tea, american wormseed, jesuit’s tea, payco, paiku, paico, amush, camatai, cashua, amasamas, anserina, mastruco, mastruz, sie-sie, jerusalem tea, spanish tea, ambroisie du mexique, wurmsamen, hierba hormiguera
Parts Used: Leaf, whole plant, seed
From The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs:
EPAZOTE
HERBAL PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS
Main Actions Other Actions Standard Dosage
# expels worms
# increases perspiration
Leaves
# kills parasites
# increases urination
Decoction: 1/2 cup once daily
# kills amebas
# increases breast milk
# mildly laxative
# promotes menstruation
# kills bacteria
# stimulates digestion
# prevents ulcers
# calms nerves
# repels insects
# mildly sedative
# heals wounds
# kills cancer cells
Epazote is an annual herb that grows to about 1 m in height. It has multi-branched, reddish stems covered with small, sharply toothed leaves. Epazote bears numerous small yellow flowers in clusters along its stems. Following the flowers, it produces thousands of tiny black seeds in small fruit clusters. It is easily spread and re-grown from the numerous seeds it produces which is why some consider it an invasive weed. The whole plant gives off a strong and distinctive odor.
Epazote is native to Mexico and the tropical regions of Central and South America where it is commonly used as a culinary herb as well as a medicinal plant. It has been widely naturalized throughout the world and can be found growing in parts of the southern United States. In Brazil the plant's name is erva-de-santa-maria or mastruço; in Peru its called paico. It is known throughout Mexico and Latin America as epazote. The Siona name of this plant means worm remedy and here in America it is referred to as wormseed - both referring to it long history of use against intestinal worms.
TRIBAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE USES
In the Yucatan, indigenous Indian groups have long used epazote for intestinal parasites, asthma, excessive mucus, chorea (a type of rheumatic fever that affects the brain) and other nervous afflictions. The Tikuna Indians in the Amazon use it to expel intestinal worms and as a mild laxative. The Siona-Secoya and Kofán Indian tribes in South America also use epazote for intestinal worms (usually by taking one cup of a leaf decoction each morning before eating for three consecutive days). The Kofán Indians also use the plant as a perfume-tying it to their arm for an 'aromatic' bracelet. (However, most Americans consider the smell of the plant quite strong and objectionable - calling it skunk-weed!) Creoles use it as a worm remedy for children and a cold medicine for adults while the Wayãpi use the plant decoction for stomach upsets and internal hemorrhages caused by falls. In Piura a leaf decoction is used to expel intestinal gas, as a mild laxative, as an insecticide, and as a natural remedy for cramps, gout, hemorrhoids, intestinal worms and parasites and nervous disorders. Some indigenous tribes bathe in a decoction of epazote to reduce fever and will also throw a couple of freshly uprooted green plants onto their fires to drive mosquitoes and flies away.
In herbal medicine systems throughout Latin America epazote is a popular household remedy used to rid children and adults of intestinal parasites, worms and amebas. The plant is also used in cooking - it is said to prevent intestinal gas if the leaves are cooked and/or eaten with beans and other common gas-forming foods. The leaves and seeds of epazote have long been used in Central and South American medicine as a vermifuge (to expel intestinal worms). In Brazilian herbal medicine, it is considered an important remedy for worms (especially hookworms, round worms and tape worms) and is also used for coughs, asthma, bronchitis and other upper respiratory complaints; for angina, to relieve intestinal gas, to promote sweating and as a general digestive aid. It is used for similar conditions in Peruvian herbal medicine today. Local people in the Amazon region in Peru also soak the plant in water for several days and use it as a topical arthritis remedy. In other South American herbal medicine systems the plant is used for asthma, bronchitis, diarrhea, dysentery, and menstrual disorders. Externally it has been used as a wash for hemorrhoids, bruises, wounds, contusions and fractures.
The plant's ability to expel intestinal worms has been attributed to the essential oil of the seed and 'Oil of Chenopodium' has been used for several centuries worldwide as a worm remedy. The oil was once in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia as a drug used against amebas, roundworms and hookworms. The therapeutic dose of the essential oil however does have other toxic effects, therefore it fell from favor as an internal remedy many years ago. Intake of 10 mg of the oil has been known to cause cardiac disturbances, convulsions, respiratory disturbances, sleepiness, vomiting and weakness and even death.
PLANT CHEMICALS
Epazote is rich in chemicals called monoterpenes. The seed and fruit contain a large amount of essential oil which has a main active chemical in it called ascaridole. This chemical was first isolated in 1895 by a German pharmacist living in Brazil and it has been attributed with most of the vermifuge (worm-expelling) actions of the plant. Ascaridole has been also documented with sedative and pain-relieving properties as well as antifungal effects. Application of the oil topically was reported to effectively treat ringworm within 7-12 days in a clinical study with guinea pigs. In other in vitro clinical studies, ascaridole was documented with activity against a tropical parasite called Trypanosoma cruzi as well as strong anti-malarial and insecticidal actions.
The main chemicals found in epazote include alpha-pinene, aritasone, ascaridole, butyric-acid, d-camphor, essential oils, ferulic-acid, geraniol, l-pinocarvone, limonene, malic-acid, menthadiene, menthadiene hydroperoxides, methyl-salicylate, myrcene, p-cymene, p-cymol, safrole, saponins, spinasterol, tartaric-acid, terpinene, terpinyl-acetate, terpinyl-salicylate, triacontyl-alcohol, trimethylamine, urease, and vanillic-acid.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH
A decoction and infusion of the plant was analyzed in vitro to determine if they had toxic effects. At various concentrations the extracts caused cellular aberrations in the test tube, indicating possible toxic effects. However, in the 1970's the World Health Organization reported that a decoction of 20 g of leaves rapidly expelled parasites without any apparent side effects in humans. In 1996 extracts from the leaves of epazote were given to 72 children and adults with intestinal parasitic infections. A stool analysis was performed before and eight days after treatment. On average, an antiparasitic efficacy was seen in 56% of cases. With respect to the tested parasites, epazote leaf extract was 100% effective against the common intestinal parasites, Ancilostoma and Trichuris, and, 50% effective against Ascaris.
In a study in 2001, thirty children (ages 3-14 years) with intestinal roundworms were treated with epazote. Doses given were 1 ml of extract per kg of body weight for younger children (weighing less than 25 pounds), and 2 ml of extract per kg of body weight in older children. One dose was given daily on an empty stomach for three days. Stool examinations were conducted before and 15 days after treatment. Disappearance of the ascaris eggs occurred in 86.7%, while the parasitic burden decreased in 59.5%. In addition, this study also reported that epazote was 100% effective in eliminating the common human tapeworm (Hymenolepsis nana).
In other research epazote has been documented with toxic effects against snails. and was shown to have an in vitro toxic action against drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2002, a U.S. patent was filed on a Chinese herbal combination containing epazote for the treatment of peptic ulcers. This combination (containing Chenopodium essential oil) was reported to inhibit stress-induced, as well as various chemical and bacteria-induced ulcer formation. The most recent research has documented the anticancerous and antitumorous properties of epazote. In one study an extract of the entire plant of epazote showed the ability to kill human liver cancer cells in the test tube. Another study reported that the essential oil of epazote (as well as its main chemical, ascaridole) showed strong antitumorous actions against numerous different cancerous tumor cells (including several multi-drug resistant tumor cell lines) in the test tube.
CURRENT PRACTICAL USES
Due to the toxicity of the essential oil (usually distilled from the seeds), the oil of this plant is no longer recommended for internal use. The leaves of the plant (containing smaller amounts of essential oil) is the preferred natural treatment for intestinal parasites in herbal medicine systems today throughout the world. It is best to find a source for only epazote leaves, as products sold as 'whole herb' can contain a significant amount of seeds (and resulting essential oil) depending on when it was harvested. For intestinal worms and parasites, most herbalists and practitioners recommend ½ cup of a standard leaf decoction taken in the morning on an empty stomach for three days in a row. On the fourth day, a mild laxative is given to evacuate the bowel (and the dead and dying parasites and worms). This is repeated two weeks later to address any worm eggs that may have survived and hatched.
EPAZOTE PLANT SUMMARY
Main Preparation Method: infusion or capsules
Main Actions (in order):
antiparasitic, vermifuge (expels worms), insecticidal, digestive stimulant, hepatoprotective (liver protector)
Main Uses:
1. for intestinal worms and parasites
2. for skin parasites, lice, and ringworm
3. to tone, balance, and strengthen the liver (and for liver flukes and parasites)
4. to tone, balance, and strengthen the stomach and bowel ( and for acid reflux, intestinal gas, cramping, chronic constipation, hemorrhoids, etc)
5. for coughs, asthma, bronchitis, and other upper respiratory problems
Properties/Actions Documented by Research:
amebicide, antibacterial, anticancerous, antimalarial, antiparasitic, antitumorous, ascaricide (kills Ascaris parasitic worms), insecticidal, molluscicidal (kills snails), vermifuge (expels worms)
Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use:
analgesic (pain-reliever), antacid, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic (liver detoxifier), antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiulcer, carminative, contraceptive, diaphoretic (promotes sweating), digestive stimulant, diuretic, gastrototonic (tones, balances, strengthens), hepatoprotective (liver protector), laxative, lactagogue (promotes milk flow), menstrual stimulant, nervine (balances/calms nerves), sedative, tonic (tones, balances, strengthens overall body functions), wound healer
Cautions: It should not be used during pregnancy or while breast-feeding. Don't use essential oil internally.
Traditional Preparation:: For intestinal parasites: one-half cup of a leaf decoction once daily on an empty stomach for three days. A decoction of the leaves is employed (in ½ cup dosages) for menstrual, respiratory, and digestive problems on an as-needed basis.
Contraindications:
* The plant and essential oil should not be used during pregnancy and lactation. Not only does the plant have toxic activity, it has also been traditionally used to induce abortions.
* While epazote has been used by indigenous tribes as a contraceptive, this use is not verified by clinical research (nor should it be relied on for such). However, the use of the plant is probably contraindicated for couples trying to get pregnant.
* The oil of epazote is considered extremely toxic and should not be taken internally.
Drug Interactions: None known.
WORLDWIDE ETHNOMEDICAL USES
Belize for digestive problems, hangovers, intestinal gas, intestinal parasites, and as a sedative
Brazil for abortions, angina, bacterial infections, bronchitis, bruises, circulation problems, colds, coughs, contusions, digestive sluggishness, dyspepsia, falls, flu, fractures, gastric disorders, hemorrhoids, hemorrhages, increasing perspiration, insomnia, intestinal gas, intestinal parasites, laryngitis, menstrual difficulties, palpitations, sinusitis, skin parasites, skin inflammation, skin ulceration, spasms, throat inflammation, tuberculosis, worms, wounds, and as an insect repellent and sedative
Ecuador for indigestion, intestinal gas, intestinal worms, slow digestion
Haiti for parasites, skin sores, stomachache, worms, and as an antiseptic
Mexico for colic, increasing perspiration, menstrual disorders, nerves, parasites, toothache, tumors, water retention, worms
Panama for asthma, dysentery, worms
Peru for abscesses, arthritis, birth control, blood cleansing, cholera, colic, contusions, cough, cramps, diabetes, diarrhea, digestive problems, dysentery, edema, excessive mucous, fractures, gastritis, gout, hemorrhoids, hysteria, increasing perspiration, intestinal gas, liver support, lung problems, memory, menstrual disorders, nervousness, numbness, pain, paralysis, parasites, pleurisy, rheumatism, skin disorders, spasms, stomach pain, tumors, urinary tract inflammation, urinary infections, vaginal discharge, vomiting, water retention, worms, wounds, and as an antacid and antiseptic, insect repellent, and sedative
Trinidad for amebic infections, asthma, childbirth, dysentery, dyspepsia, fatigue, fungal infections, lung problems, palpitations, sores, worms
Turkey for asthma, digestive problems, menstrual difficulties, nervous disorders, worms
United States for childbirth, increasing milk flow, menstrual disorders, nerves, pain, parasites, worms
Venezuela for aiding digestion, worms
Elsewhere for abortions, amebic infections, anemia, appendicitis, arthritis, asthma, breathing difficulty, bug bites, childbirth, cholera, colds, colic, conjunctivitis, coughs, cramps, dyspepsia, dysentery, fatigue, fever, fungal infections, hookworms, increase perspiration, intestinal parasites, intestinal gas, intestinal ulceration, lactation aid, malaria, measles, menstrual irregularities, nervousness, neurosis, pains, palpitations, paralysis, rheumatism, roundworms, snakebite, stomach problems, spasms, tonic, tumor, water retention, worms, and as an antiseptic, insecticide, and sedative
The above text has been preprinted from The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs by Leslie Taylor, copyrighted © 2005
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, including websites, without written permission.
Genus: Chenopodium
Species: ambrosioides
Synonyms: Ambrina ambrosioides, A. parvula, A. spathulata, Atriplex ambrosioides, Blitum ambrosioides, Chenopodium anthelminticum, C. integrifolium, C. spathulatum, C. suffruticosum
Common Names: Epazote, erva-de-santa maria, wormseed, apasote, chenopode, feuilles a vers, herbe a vers, meksika cayi, paico, pazote, semen contra, semin contra, simon contegras, mexican tea, american wormseed, jesuit’s tea, payco, paiku, paico, amush, camatai, cashua, amasamas, anserina, mastruco, mastruz, sie-sie, jerusalem tea, spanish tea, ambroisie du mexique, wurmsamen, hierba hormiguera
Parts Used: Leaf, whole plant, seed
From The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs:
EPAZOTE
HERBAL PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS
Main Actions Other Actions Standard Dosage
# expels worms
# increases perspiration
Leaves
# kills parasites
# increases urination
Decoction: 1/2 cup once daily
# kills amebas
# increases breast milk
# mildly laxative
# promotes menstruation
# kills bacteria
# stimulates digestion
# prevents ulcers
# calms nerves
# repels insects
# mildly sedative
# heals wounds
# kills cancer cells
Epazote is an annual herb that grows to about 1 m in height. It has multi-branched, reddish stems covered with small, sharply toothed leaves. Epazote bears numerous small yellow flowers in clusters along its stems. Following the flowers, it produces thousands of tiny black seeds in small fruit clusters. It is easily spread and re-grown from the numerous seeds it produces which is why some consider it an invasive weed. The whole plant gives off a strong and distinctive odor.
Epazote is native to Mexico and the tropical regions of Central and South America where it is commonly used as a culinary herb as well as a medicinal plant. It has been widely naturalized throughout the world and can be found growing in parts of the southern United States. In Brazil the plant's name is erva-de-santa-maria or mastruço; in Peru its called paico. It is known throughout Mexico and Latin America as epazote. The Siona name of this plant means worm remedy and here in America it is referred to as wormseed - both referring to it long history of use against intestinal worms.
TRIBAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE USES
In the Yucatan, indigenous Indian groups have long used epazote for intestinal parasites, asthma, excessive mucus, chorea (a type of rheumatic fever that affects the brain) and other nervous afflictions. The Tikuna Indians in the Amazon use it to expel intestinal worms and as a mild laxative. The Siona-Secoya and Kofán Indian tribes in South America also use epazote for intestinal worms (usually by taking one cup of a leaf decoction each morning before eating for three consecutive days). The Kofán Indians also use the plant as a perfume-tying it to their arm for an 'aromatic' bracelet. (However, most Americans consider the smell of the plant quite strong and objectionable - calling it skunk-weed!) Creoles use it as a worm remedy for children and a cold medicine for adults while the Wayãpi use the plant decoction for stomach upsets and internal hemorrhages caused by falls. In Piura a leaf decoction is used to expel intestinal gas, as a mild laxative, as an insecticide, and as a natural remedy for cramps, gout, hemorrhoids, intestinal worms and parasites and nervous disorders. Some indigenous tribes bathe in a decoction of epazote to reduce fever and will also throw a couple of freshly uprooted green plants onto their fires to drive mosquitoes and flies away.
In herbal medicine systems throughout Latin America epazote is a popular household remedy used to rid children and adults of intestinal parasites, worms and amebas. The plant is also used in cooking - it is said to prevent intestinal gas if the leaves are cooked and/or eaten with beans and other common gas-forming foods. The leaves and seeds of epazote have long been used in Central and South American medicine as a vermifuge (to expel intestinal worms). In Brazilian herbal medicine, it is considered an important remedy for worms (especially hookworms, round worms and tape worms) and is also used for coughs, asthma, bronchitis and other upper respiratory complaints; for angina, to relieve intestinal gas, to promote sweating and as a general digestive aid. It is used for similar conditions in Peruvian herbal medicine today. Local people in the Amazon region in Peru also soak the plant in water for several days and use it as a topical arthritis remedy. In other South American herbal medicine systems the plant is used for asthma, bronchitis, diarrhea, dysentery, and menstrual disorders. Externally it has been used as a wash for hemorrhoids, bruises, wounds, contusions and fractures.
The plant's ability to expel intestinal worms has been attributed to the essential oil of the seed and 'Oil of Chenopodium' has been used for several centuries worldwide as a worm remedy. The oil was once in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia as a drug used against amebas, roundworms and hookworms. The therapeutic dose of the essential oil however does have other toxic effects, therefore it fell from favor as an internal remedy many years ago. Intake of 10 mg of the oil has been known to cause cardiac disturbances, convulsions, respiratory disturbances, sleepiness, vomiting and weakness and even death.
PLANT CHEMICALS
Epazote is rich in chemicals called monoterpenes. The seed and fruit contain a large amount of essential oil which has a main active chemical in it called ascaridole. This chemical was first isolated in 1895 by a German pharmacist living in Brazil and it has been attributed with most of the vermifuge (worm-expelling) actions of the plant. Ascaridole has been also documented with sedative and pain-relieving properties as well as antifungal effects. Application of the oil topically was reported to effectively treat ringworm within 7-12 days in a clinical study with guinea pigs. In other in vitro clinical studies, ascaridole was documented with activity against a tropical parasite called Trypanosoma cruzi as well as strong anti-malarial and insecticidal actions.
The main chemicals found in epazote include alpha-pinene, aritasone, ascaridole, butyric-acid, d-camphor, essential oils, ferulic-acid, geraniol, l-pinocarvone, limonene, malic-acid, menthadiene, menthadiene hydroperoxides, methyl-salicylate, myrcene, p-cymene, p-cymol, safrole, saponins, spinasterol, tartaric-acid, terpinene, terpinyl-acetate, terpinyl-salicylate, triacontyl-alcohol, trimethylamine, urease, and vanillic-acid.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH
A decoction and infusion of the plant was analyzed in vitro to determine if they had toxic effects. At various concentrations the extracts caused cellular aberrations in the test tube, indicating possible toxic effects. However, in the 1970's the World Health Organization reported that a decoction of 20 g of leaves rapidly expelled parasites without any apparent side effects in humans. In 1996 extracts from the leaves of epazote were given to 72 children and adults with intestinal parasitic infections. A stool analysis was performed before and eight days after treatment. On average, an antiparasitic efficacy was seen in 56% of cases. With respect to the tested parasites, epazote leaf extract was 100% effective against the common intestinal parasites, Ancilostoma and Trichuris, and, 50% effective against Ascaris.
In a study in 2001, thirty children (ages 3-14 years) with intestinal roundworms were treated with epazote. Doses given were 1 ml of extract per kg of body weight for younger children (weighing less than 25 pounds), and 2 ml of extract per kg of body weight in older children. One dose was given daily on an empty stomach for three days. Stool examinations were conducted before and 15 days after treatment. Disappearance of the ascaris eggs occurred in 86.7%, while the parasitic burden decreased in 59.5%. In addition, this study also reported that epazote was 100% effective in eliminating the common human tapeworm (Hymenolepsis nana).
In other research epazote has been documented with toxic effects against snails. and was shown to have an in vitro toxic action against drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2002, a U.S. patent was filed on a Chinese herbal combination containing epazote for the treatment of peptic ulcers. This combination (containing Chenopodium essential oil) was reported to inhibit stress-induced, as well as various chemical and bacteria-induced ulcer formation. The most recent research has documented the anticancerous and antitumorous properties of epazote. In one study an extract of the entire plant of epazote showed the ability to kill human liver cancer cells in the test tube. Another study reported that the essential oil of epazote (as well as its main chemical, ascaridole) showed strong antitumorous actions against numerous different cancerous tumor cells (including several multi-drug resistant tumor cell lines) in the test tube.
CURRENT PRACTICAL USES
Due to the toxicity of the essential oil (usually distilled from the seeds), the oil of this plant is no longer recommended for internal use. The leaves of the plant (containing smaller amounts of essential oil) is the preferred natural treatment for intestinal parasites in herbal medicine systems today throughout the world. It is best to find a source for only epazote leaves, as products sold as 'whole herb' can contain a significant amount of seeds (and resulting essential oil) depending on when it was harvested. For intestinal worms and parasites, most herbalists and practitioners recommend ½ cup of a standard leaf decoction taken in the morning on an empty stomach for three days in a row. On the fourth day, a mild laxative is given to evacuate the bowel (and the dead and dying parasites and worms). This is repeated two weeks later to address any worm eggs that may have survived and hatched.
EPAZOTE PLANT SUMMARY
Main Preparation Method: infusion or capsules
Main Actions (in order):
antiparasitic, vermifuge (expels worms), insecticidal, digestive stimulant, hepatoprotective (liver protector)
Main Uses:
1. for intestinal worms and parasites
2. for skin parasites, lice, and ringworm
3. to tone, balance, and strengthen the liver (and for liver flukes and parasites)
4. to tone, balance, and strengthen the stomach and bowel ( and for acid reflux, intestinal gas, cramping, chronic constipation, hemorrhoids, etc)
5. for coughs, asthma, bronchitis, and other upper respiratory problems
Properties/Actions Documented by Research:
amebicide, antibacterial, anticancerous, antimalarial, antiparasitic, antitumorous, ascaricide (kills Ascaris parasitic worms), insecticidal, molluscicidal (kills snails), vermifuge (expels worms)
Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use:
analgesic (pain-reliever), antacid, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic (liver detoxifier), antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiulcer, carminative, contraceptive, diaphoretic (promotes sweating), digestive stimulant, diuretic, gastrototonic (tones, balances, strengthens), hepatoprotective (liver protector), laxative, lactagogue (promotes milk flow), menstrual stimulant, nervine (balances/calms nerves), sedative, tonic (tones, balances, strengthens overall body functions), wound healer
Cautions: It should not be used during pregnancy or while breast-feeding. Don't use essential oil internally.
Traditional Preparation:: For intestinal parasites: one-half cup of a leaf decoction once daily on an empty stomach for three days. A decoction of the leaves is employed (in ½ cup dosages) for menstrual, respiratory, and digestive problems on an as-needed basis.
Contraindications:
* The plant and essential oil should not be used during pregnancy and lactation. Not only does the plant have toxic activity, it has also been traditionally used to induce abortions.
* While epazote has been used by indigenous tribes as a contraceptive, this use is not verified by clinical research (nor should it be relied on for such). However, the use of the plant is probably contraindicated for couples trying to get pregnant.
* The oil of epazote is considered extremely toxic and should not be taken internally.
Drug Interactions: None known.
WORLDWIDE ETHNOMEDICAL USES
Belize for digestive problems, hangovers, intestinal gas, intestinal parasites, and as a sedative
Brazil for abortions, angina, bacterial infections, bronchitis, bruises, circulation problems, colds, coughs, contusions, digestive sluggishness, dyspepsia, falls, flu, fractures, gastric disorders, hemorrhoids, hemorrhages, increasing perspiration, insomnia, intestinal gas, intestinal parasites, laryngitis, menstrual difficulties, palpitations, sinusitis, skin parasites, skin inflammation, skin ulceration, spasms, throat inflammation, tuberculosis, worms, wounds, and as an insect repellent and sedative
Ecuador for indigestion, intestinal gas, intestinal worms, slow digestion
Haiti for parasites, skin sores, stomachache, worms, and as an antiseptic
Mexico for colic, increasing perspiration, menstrual disorders, nerves, parasites, toothache, tumors, water retention, worms
Panama for asthma, dysentery, worms
Peru for abscesses, arthritis, birth control, blood cleansing, cholera, colic, contusions, cough, cramps, diabetes, diarrhea, digestive problems, dysentery, edema, excessive mucous, fractures, gastritis, gout, hemorrhoids, hysteria, increasing perspiration, intestinal gas, liver support, lung problems, memory, menstrual disorders, nervousness, numbness, pain, paralysis, parasites, pleurisy, rheumatism, skin disorders, spasms, stomach pain, tumors, urinary tract inflammation, urinary infections, vaginal discharge, vomiting, water retention, worms, wounds, and as an antacid and antiseptic, insect repellent, and sedative
Trinidad for amebic infections, asthma, childbirth, dysentery, dyspepsia, fatigue, fungal infections, lung problems, palpitations, sores, worms
Turkey for asthma, digestive problems, menstrual difficulties, nervous disorders, worms
United States for childbirth, increasing milk flow, menstrual disorders, nerves, pain, parasites, worms
Venezuela for aiding digestion, worms
Elsewhere for abortions, amebic infections, anemia, appendicitis, arthritis, asthma, breathing difficulty, bug bites, childbirth, cholera, colds, colic, conjunctivitis, coughs, cramps, dyspepsia, dysentery, fatigue, fever, fungal infections, hookworms, increase perspiration, intestinal parasites, intestinal gas, intestinal ulceration, lactation aid, malaria, measles, menstrual irregularities, nervousness, neurosis, pains, palpitations, paralysis, rheumatism, roundworms, snakebite, stomach problems, spasms, tonic, tumor, water retention, worms, and as an antiseptic, insecticide, and sedative
The above text has been preprinted from The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs by Leslie Taylor, copyrighted © 2005
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, including websites, without written permission.
The "Grape Cancer Cure" by J.F. Goodavage
From: www.rarebooks.net/beck/grape.htm
Disclaimer about this text
When Fred Wortman of Albany, Georgia, developed an inoperable malignancy of the intestine, he faced the prospect of long treatments with xradiation "therapy". "The doctors," Mr. Wortman said, "refused to operate when they discovered the condition of my bank balance."
Being a wide reader, he remembered a simple remedy for cancer that was given in a book by a 'Mrs. Brandt', and looked it up. It was rather involved and cumbersome to follow, so he reduced it to its essentials, took the "cure" and was completely cancerfree within a month.
Wortman then had his experience published in "The Independent" and received hundreds of replies. Over 200 cancersufferers reported complete curestotal recovery.
The grape treatment cured lung cancer in two weeks, he reported. Cancer of the prostate took a little longer, about a month. Only four cases of leukemia (cancer of the blood) were treated, but the judicious usage of grape juice cured them all.
Start the treatment like this:
1. Begin with a 24 oz. bottle of (dark concord) grape juice the first thing in the morning. Do not eat until Noon. Take a couple of swallows every 10 or 15 minutes (Don't gulp it down all at once).
2. After 12 o'clock, live the rest of the day normally, but do not eat anything after 8 o'clock in the evening...food seems to carry off the curative agent in the grape juice, which may be magnesium, so stick to the fast between 8 P.M. and Noon the following day.
3. Keep this up every day for 2 weeks to one month.
J.F. Goodavage would appreciate hearing of the firsthand results of this treatment. The more cases, the better the evidence. The dark concord grape juice treatment is reported to be nearly 100% effective.
J.F. Goodavage, Whitefield, Maine 04362, USA
From: www.rarebooks.net/beck/grape.htm
Disclaimer about this text
When Fred Wortman of Albany, Georgia, developed an inoperable malignancy of the intestine, he faced the prospect of long treatments with xradiation "therapy". "The doctors," Mr. Wortman said, "refused to operate when they discovered the condition of my bank balance."
Being a wide reader, he remembered a simple remedy for cancer that was given in a book by a 'Mrs. Brandt', and looked it up. It was rather involved and cumbersome to follow, so he reduced it to its essentials, took the "cure" and was completely cancerfree within a month.
Wortman then had his experience published in "The Independent" and received hundreds of replies. Over 200 cancersufferers reported complete curestotal recovery.
The grape treatment cured lung cancer in two weeks, he reported. Cancer of the prostate took a little longer, about a month. Only four cases of leukemia (cancer of the blood) were treated, but the judicious usage of grape juice cured them all.
Start the treatment like this:
1. Begin with a 24 oz. bottle of (dark concord) grape juice the first thing in the morning. Do not eat until Noon. Take a couple of swallows every 10 or 15 minutes (Don't gulp it down all at once).
2. After 12 o'clock, live the rest of the day normally, but do not eat anything after 8 o'clock in the evening...food seems to carry off the curative agent in the grape juice, which may be magnesium, so stick to the fast between 8 P.M. and Noon the following day.
3. Keep this up every day for 2 weeks to one month.
J.F. Goodavage would appreciate hearing of the firsthand results of this treatment. The more cases, the better the evidence. The dark concord grape juice treatment is reported to be nearly 100% effective.
J.F. Goodavage, Whitefield, Maine 04362, USA
From: www.rarebooks.net/beck/grape.htm
Monday, July 12, 2010
Cordyceps: The best medicine in the world
What Are Cordyceps??
Have you ever felt annoyed because of the side-effects of medicine that you have taken before? Are you crying for help becuase of extensive coughing all day long or having lots of sleep problems. Of course, Western Medicine can cure all of these illnesses, but they have REALLY ANNOYING side-effects. If you want a side-effect free but effective medicine, try cordyceps! They are effective, have NO SIDE EFFECTS and can even help you restore health during convalescence.
Cordyceps - The "Dream" Medicine
Cordyceps or Cordyceps Sinensis is a rare parasitic organism. It is natures cross marriage of the insect and plant kingdom. When it was first discovered about 2000 years ago the Chinese thought the herb was a worm. The fungus mushroom has been found to be effective in curing lots of illnesses including coughing, allergy, liver, lung and kidney dysfunction.
Lifestream Group's Greenhouse Cordyceps Stroma - GOLD is proven by lots of people as one of the best types of cordyceps avalible. Originating from Qinghai, the cordyceps is cultivated using the latest biotechnology in a controlled environment, and regular tests by labatories show that they are safe to eat and are of the best quality.
Greenhouse Cordyceps
Cordyceps Benefits
Cordyceps can:
-Restore health during convalescence and treat deficiency syndrome caused by overstrain.
-Strengthen the immune system to help the body resist and withstand attacks from virus and bacteria.
-Prevent tumor activity
-Regulates abnormal wakefulness and other sleep problems at night and thus improves sleep quality, also reduces severity of nocturia.
-Improves blood circulation and regulates blood pressure.
-Reduce triglycerides and cholesterol level, thus promoting cardiovascular heath.
-Improve sexual fuction in men and also combat infertality in women.
-Alleviates arrhythmias, thus protects the heart.
-Resists allergy.
-Increases vitality and stamina. It is especially useful in alleviating fatigue, enhancing physical endurance and mental acuity.
-Controls liver, lung and kidney dysfunction, amd thus protects them. It also resists respiratory problems.
- Reduces pains of loins and knees.
-Neutralizes side effects caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
-Protects against free radical damage and oxidative stress, thus slows down the effect of aging.
CORDYCEPS HAS NO SIDE-EFFECTS!
Do you want to benefit from cordyceps? Click here for a proven type of cordyceps and get rid of those side effects NOW
Cordyceps Stroma
Cordyceps vs Western Medicine
List of illnesses Cordyceps as well as western medicine can cure:
Case: Respiratory problems
Western Medicine: Painkillers, Such as Parmacetol or Ibuprofen
Effectiveness: 7/10
Side effects: Skin Rash, Stomach Upsets, Ringing in the ears and dizziness
Cordyceps
Effectiveness: 8/10
Side-effects: NONE!
Case: Cholesterol Lowering
Western Medicine: Atromid-S, Questran, Zocor
Effectiveness: 8.5/10
Side-effects: gallstones, muscular aches and pains, disturbances of the heart rhythm, stomach problems, bloating, headache, dizziness, poor absorption of vitamins and rashes
Cordyceps effectiveness: 8.5/10
Side-effects: NONE!
Case: Allergy resistance
Western Medicine: Hismanal, Phenergan, Teldane
Effectiveness: 8.5/10
Side effects: dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, restlessness, nausea and drowsiness
Cordyceps Effectiveness: 9/10
Side effects: NONE!
Wild Cordyceps
Much Improved immune system
Testimonial by Sophia's son from Singapore
Subject: Story of Kieren (now 6 years old), Sophia's son
Started taking Cordyceps Gold since May/June 06.
My son, Kieren has always been very frail. He suffered from Bronchitis at the age of 7 months and was hospitalized 3 times ever since then. Even after he has recovered, he continued to experienced flu-like symptoms like sneezing, wheezing and coughing every month since. At the age of 5 year old, I let Kieren try taking Lifestream's Cordyceps Gold (in May 2006) and the frequency of his flu attacks decreased from once a month to once in 2-3 months. The duration of his discomfort also greatly reduced from about 2 weeks to just 2-3days. Now, I'm glad both my son and I can sleep more soundly at night as Keiren no longer experience prolonged coughing.
Click here for a through-proof method of curing a weak immune system or endless coughing?
Cordyceps help lowering cholesteral A LOT!!!!
I was very sick in 2002 and had to go on 4 continuous doses of antibiotics. In 30 June 2003, I was diagnosed with high cholesterol level of 301.7 mg/dl and blood pressure of 156/93 mmHg. My doctor told me to start cholesterol medication immediately and to go for another checkup in late July 2003. Thereafter, a friend of mine recommended that I take Lifestream Cordyceps Stroma as it has helped her to reduce her cholesterol level by 14% in 1 month. As I was supposed to have my cholesterol level checked again in a fortnight and I have heard of side effects on long-term consumption of cholesterol medication, I decided to take cordyceps stroma daily and resort to my doctor's medication only if my medical checkup in late July is still not ideal.
Surprisingly, my overall cholesterol level has reduced significantly to 264mg/dl in my medical test in late July. The doctor was impressed and that ensured my confidence in the product. My blood pressure has also normalised to 130/80 mmHg. Now, I take Lifestream Cordyceps stroma daily. I feel much more refreshed and energetic. At the same time, I discover that I wake up less often in the night to visit the washroom. Cordyceps Stroma is now an essential part of my health and my life. To Lifestream Group, I thank you sincerely.
Suffering from high cholesteral?
Have you ever felt annoyed because of the side-effects of medicine that you have taken before? Are you crying for help becuase of extensive coughing all day long or having lots of sleep problems. Of course, Western Medicine can cure all of these illnesses, but they have REALLY ANNOYING side-effects. If you want a side-effect free but effective medicine, try cordyceps! They are effective, have NO SIDE EFFECTS and can even help you restore health during convalescence.
Cordyceps - The "Dream" Medicine
Cordyceps or Cordyceps Sinensis is a rare parasitic organism. It is natures cross marriage of the insect and plant kingdom. When it was first discovered about 2000 years ago the Chinese thought the herb was a worm. The fungus mushroom has been found to be effective in curing lots of illnesses including coughing, allergy, liver, lung and kidney dysfunction.
Lifestream Group's Greenhouse Cordyceps Stroma - GOLD is proven by lots of people as one of the best types of cordyceps avalible. Originating from Qinghai, the cordyceps is cultivated using the latest biotechnology in a controlled environment, and regular tests by labatories show that they are safe to eat and are of the best quality.
Greenhouse Cordyceps
Cordyceps Benefits
Cordyceps can:
-Restore health during convalescence and treat deficiency syndrome caused by overstrain.
-Strengthen the immune system to help the body resist and withstand attacks from virus and bacteria.
-Prevent tumor activity
-Regulates abnormal wakefulness and other sleep problems at night and thus improves sleep quality, also reduces severity of nocturia.
-Improves blood circulation and regulates blood pressure.
-Reduce triglycerides and cholesterol level, thus promoting cardiovascular heath.
-Improve sexual fuction in men and also combat infertality in women.
-Alleviates arrhythmias, thus protects the heart.
-Resists allergy.
-Increases vitality and stamina. It is especially useful in alleviating fatigue, enhancing physical endurance and mental acuity.
-Controls liver, lung and kidney dysfunction, amd thus protects them. It also resists respiratory problems.
- Reduces pains of loins and knees.
-Neutralizes side effects caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
-Protects against free radical damage and oxidative stress, thus slows down the effect of aging.
CORDYCEPS HAS NO SIDE-EFFECTS!
Do you want to benefit from cordyceps? Click here for a proven type of cordyceps and get rid of those side effects NOW
Cordyceps Stroma
Cordyceps vs Western Medicine
List of illnesses Cordyceps as well as western medicine can cure:
Case: Respiratory problems
Western Medicine: Painkillers, Such as Parmacetol or Ibuprofen
Effectiveness: 7/10
Side effects: Skin Rash, Stomach Upsets, Ringing in the ears and dizziness
Cordyceps
Effectiveness: 8/10
Side-effects: NONE!
Case: Cholesterol Lowering
Western Medicine: Atromid-S, Questran, Zocor
Effectiveness: 8.5/10
Side-effects: gallstones, muscular aches and pains, disturbances of the heart rhythm, stomach problems, bloating, headache, dizziness, poor absorption of vitamins and rashes
Cordyceps effectiveness: 8.5/10
Side-effects: NONE!
Case: Allergy resistance
Western Medicine: Hismanal, Phenergan, Teldane
Effectiveness: 8.5/10
Side effects: dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, restlessness, nausea and drowsiness
Cordyceps Effectiveness: 9/10
Side effects: NONE!
Wild Cordyceps
Much Improved immune system
Testimonial by Sophia's son from Singapore
Subject: Story of Kieren (now 6 years old), Sophia's son
Started taking Cordyceps Gold since May/June 06.
My son, Kieren has always been very frail. He suffered from Bronchitis at the age of 7 months and was hospitalized 3 times ever since then. Even after he has recovered, he continued to experienced flu-like symptoms like sneezing, wheezing and coughing every month since. At the age of 5 year old, I let Kieren try taking Lifestream's Cordyceps Gold (in May 2006) and the frequency of his flu attacks decreased from once a month to once in 2-3 months. The duration of his discomfort also greatly reduced from about 2 weeks to just 2-3days. Now, I'm glad both my son and I can sleep more soundly at night as Keiren no longer experience prolonged coughing.
Click here for a through-proof method of curing a weak immune system or endless coughing?
Cordyceps help lowering cholesteral A LOT!!!!
I was very sick in 2002 and had to go on 4 continuous doses of antibiotics. In 30 June 2003, I was diagnosed with high cholesterol level of 301.7 mg/dl and blood pressure of 156/93 mmHg. My doctor told me to start cholesterol medication immediately and to go for another checkup in late July 2003. Thereafter, a friend of mine recommended that I take Lifestream Cordyceps Stroma as it has helped her to reduce her cholesterol level by 14% in 1 month. As I was supposed to have my cholesterol level checked again in a fortnight and I have heard of side effects on long-term consumption of cholesterol medication, I decided to take cordyceps stroma daily and resort to my doctor's medication only if my medical checkup in late July is still not ideal.
Surprisingly, my overall cholesterol level has reduced significantly to 264mg/dl in my medical test in late July. The doctor was impressed and that ensured my confidence in the product. My blood pressure has also normalised to 130/80 mmHg. Now, I take Lifestream Cordyceps stroma daily. I feel much more refreshed and energetic. At the same time, I discover that I wake up less often in the night to visit the washroom. Cordyceps Stroma is now an essential part of my health and my life. To Lifestream Group, I thank you sincerely.
Suffering from high cholesteral?
Friday, June 4, 2010
Niacin to boost your HDL, 'good,' cholesterol
Niacin to boost your HDL, 'good,' cholesterol
Niacin is an important B vitamin that may raise your HDL, "good," cholesterol. Find out if you should talk to your doctor about taking niacin alone or with cholesterol medications.
By Mayo Clinic staff
Niacin, a B vitamin, has long been used to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the "good" cholesterol. HDL cholesterol helps sweep up low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or "bad" cholesterol, in your bloodstream. Although niacin is readily available and effective, it hasn't gotten much attention compared to other cholesterol drugs.
A lot of the attention regarding cholesterol has been focused on lowering your low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or "bad" cholesterol. That's still an important goal. But boosting your HDL level can be just as important as lowering your LDL cholesterol. Taking niacin — either by itself or along with other cholesterol-lowering medication — may help control your total cholesterol level.
What is niacin?
Niacin (nicotinic acid) is a B vitamin that's used by your body to turn carbohydrates into energy. Niacin also helps keep your nervous system, digestive system, skin, hair and eyes healthy. That's why niacin is often a part of a daily multivitamin, though most people get enough niacin from the food they eat.
You may see niacin labeled in different ways. As part of a multivitamin or supplement, it's often just referred to as niacin. When it's used as a treatment to increase your HDL cholesterol or correct a niacin deficiency, it's sold in higher doses that are prescribed by your doctor. Some common brand names of prescription niacin include:
Niaspan
Niacor
Slo-Niacin
Niacin is found in many foods, including:
Dairy products
Lean meats
Poultry
Fish
Nuts
Eggs
Enriched breads and cereals
Niacin is also available in a variety of different forms as either prescription medication or over-the-counter supplements. However, don't take niacin — even in the over-the-counter form — without discussing it with your doctor first because niacin can cause side effects when taken in high doses.
What impact does niacin have on cholesterol?
Niacin can raise HDL — the "good" cholesterol — by 15 to 35 percent. This makes niacin the most effective drug available for raising HDL cholesterol. While niacin's effect on HDL is of most interest, it's worth noting that niacin also decreases your LDL and triglyceride levels. High levels of LDL and triglycerides are significant risk factors for heart disease.
Why is having a high HDL cholesterol level important?
HDL, or "good," cholesterol picks up excess bad cholesterol in your blood and takes it back to your liver for disposal. The higher your HDL cholesterol, the less bad cholesterol you'll have in your blood.
Cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L):
For men, HDL levels under 40 mg/dL or 1 mmol/L increase the risk of heart disease.
For women, HDL levels under 50 mg/dL or 1.3 mmol/L increase the risk of heart disease.
An HDL level above 60 mg/dL or 1.6 mmol/L is considered ideal for men or women.
Having a low HDL level by itself is a risk factor for developing heart disease. That means even if your LDL and other risk factors are normal, having a low HDL level still increases your risk of heart disease.
Niacin is an important B vitamin that may raise your HDL, "good," cholesterol. Find out if you should talk to your doctor about taking niacin alone or with cholesterol medications.
By Mayo Clinic staff
Niacin, a B vitamin, has long been used to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the "good" cholesterol. HDL cholesterol helps sweep up low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or "bad" cholesterol, in your bloodstream. Although niacin is readily available and effective, it hasn't gotten much attention compared to other cholesterol drugs.
A lot of the attention regarding cholesterol has been focused on lowering your low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or "bad" cholesterol. That's still an important goal. But boosting your HDL level can be just as important as lowering your LDL cholesterol. Taking niacin — either by itself or along with other cholesterol-lowering medication — may help control your total cholesterol level.
What is niacin?
Niacin (nicotinic acid) is a B vitamin that's used by your body to turn carbohydrates into energy. Niacin also helps keep your nervous system, digestive system, skin, hair and eyes healthy. That's why niacin is often a part of a daily multivitamin, though most people get enough niacin from the food they eat.
You may see niacin labeled in different ways. As part of a multivitamin or supplement, it's often just referred to as niacin. When it's used as a treatment to increase your HDL cholesterol or correct a niacin deficiency, it's sold in higher doses that are prescribed by your doctor. Some common brand names of prescription niacin include:
Niaspan
Niacor
Slo-Niacin
Niacin is found in many foods, including:
Dairy products
Lean meats
Poultry
Fish
Nuts
Eggs
Enriched breads and cereals
Niacin is also available in a variety of different forms as either prescription medication or over-the-counter supplements. However, don't take niacin — even in the over-the-counter form — without discussing it with your doctor first because niacin can cause side effects when taken in high doses.
What impact does niacin have on cholesterol?
Niacin can raise HDL — the "good" cholesterol — by 15 to 35 percent. This makes niacin the most effective drug available for raising HDL cholesterol. While niacin's effect on HDL is of most interest, it's worth noting that niacin also decreases your LDL and triglyceride levels. High levels of LDL and triglycerides are significant risk factors for heart disease.
Why is having a high HDL cholesterol level important?
HDL, or "good," cholesterol picks up excess bad cholesterol in your blood and takes it back to your liver for disposal. The higher your HDL cholesterol, the less bad cholesterol you'll have in your blood.
Cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L):
For men, HDL levels under 40 mg/dL or 1 mmol/L increase the risk of heart disease.
For women, HDL levels under 50 mg/dL or 1.3 mmol/L increase the risk of heart disease.
An HDL level above 60 mg/dL or 1.6 mmol/L is considered ideal for men or women.
Having a low HDL level by itself is a risk factor for developing heart disease. That means even if your LDL and other risk factors are normal, having a low HDL level still increases your risk of heart disease.
Thursday, June 3, 2010
CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) helps convert food into energy at a very basic, cellular level
COENZYME Q10 is a vitamin-like compound also called ubiquinone. It is an essential component of cells and is utilized by the mitochondria in the normal process of energy production. This Coenzyme Q10 is produced exclusively in Japan through a natural fermentation process. This safe and non-toxic product has been consumed by millions of people worldwide for decades. This Coenzyme Q10 is the highest quality available and synergistically blended with lecithin to aid in absorption.
Suggested Usage: As a dietary supplement, take 1 softgel 1 to 3 times daily, preferably with meals.
Additional information:
CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) helps convert food into energy at a very basic, cellular level and it is an antioxidant. CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) is one in a series of ubiquinones, naturally occurring compounds produced in nearly every cell of the body, and was discovered as recently as 1957.
Doctors commonly prescribe CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10) to treat heart disease in Japan, Sweden, Italy, Canada, and other countries.
Common Uses for CoQ10:
* Improves the heart and circulation in those with congestive heart failure, a weakened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy), high blood pressure, heart rhythm disorders, chest pain (angina), or Raynaud's disease.
* Treats gum disease and maintains health gums and teeth.
* Protects the nerves and may help slow Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease.
* May help prevent cancer and heart disease, and play a role in slowing down age-related degenerative changes.
* May improve the course of AIDS or cancer.
The primary function of CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10) is as a catalyst for metabolism - the complex chain of chemical reactions during which food is broken down into packets of energy that the body can use. Acting in conjunction with enzymes, the compound speeds up the vital metabolic process, providing the energy that the cells need to digest food, heal wounds, maintain healthy muscles, and perform countless other bodily functions. Because of the nutrient's essential role in energy production, it's not surprising that it is found in every cell in the body. It is especially abundant in the energy-intensive cells of the heart, helping this organ beat more than 100,000 times each day. In addition, coenzyme Q10 acts as an antioxidant, much like vitamins C and E, helping to neutralize the cell-damaging molecules known as free radicals.
CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) may play a role in preventing cancer, heart attacks, and other diseases linked to free-radical damage. It's also used as a general energy enhancer and anti-aging supplement. Because levels of the compound diminish with age (and with certain diseases), some doctors recommend daily supplementation beginning about age 40.
CoQ10 has generated much excitement as a possible therapy for heart disease, especially congestive heart failure or a weakened heart. In some studies, patients with a poorly functioning heart have been found to improve greatly after adding the supplement to their conventional drugs and therapies. Other studies have shown that people with cardiovascular disease have low levels of this substance in their heart. Further research suggest that CoQ10 may protect against blood clots, lower high blood pressure, diminish irregular heartbeats, treat mitral valve prolapse, lessen symptoms of Raynaud's disease (poor circulation in the extremities), and relieve chest plains (angina)).
A few small studies suggest that CoQ10 may prolong survival in those with breast or prostate cancer, though results remain inconclusive. It also appears to aid healing and reduce pain and bleeding in those with gum disease, and speed recovery following oral surgery. CoQ10 shows some promise against Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases and fibromyalgia, and it may improve stamina in those with AIDS. Certain practitioners believe the nutrient helps stabilize blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. There are many other claims make for CoQ10 that it slows aging, aids weight loss, enhances athletic performance, combats chronic fatigue syndrome, relieves multiple allergies, and boosts immunity.
The CoQ10 Cure?
Latest Benefit of Promising Antioxidant May be Neurodegenerative Disease
By Melinda T. Willis
Oct. 15, 2002 — Q10 or CoQ10, a commonly available dietary supplement, may soon be on many more people's lips … literally.
A powerful over-the-counter antioxidant, coenzyme Q10 has demonstrated significant potential in several disease areas from cardiology to cataracts to cancer. And now new research suggests it could help bring new hope to those with Parkinson's, the devastating neurodegenerative disease.
A study published in the journal Archives of Neurology suggests that coenzyme Q10 - CoQ10 may be able to accomplish what current treatments for Parkinson's disease cannot; slow its progression. The ailment afflicts between one-million and 1½ million Americans with 50,000 new cases reported every year.
In Parkinson's disease, research has shown that this free radical damage is greater in the area of the brain responsible for movement control, which leads to cell death and development of the disease.
In the latest research, 80 Parkinson's sufferers were randomly assigned to receive coenzyme Q10 at three different doses, or a placebo. The progressive deterioration in movement that characterizes the disease was slowed by 44 percent in those who took the highest doses.
Parkinson's is not the only neurodegenerative ailment for which coenzyme Q10's antioxidant effects may have an application.
In one recent trial published in the journal Neurology, CoQ10 was shown to have a 14 percent effect in slowing the progression of Huntington's disease. While this finding did not achieve statistical significance, it was viewed as encouraging nonetheless.
"The maximum dose was 600 milligrams per day," explains Dr. Flint Beal, professor and chair of neurology at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University in New York. "The dose that was used in the Parkinson's trial that shows the biggest effect is 1,200 milligrams per day. So it's conceivable that using a higher dose in Huntington's disease might have a bigger effect."
Q10 has shown small significant benefit in treating ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, and it has also has been used to treat a range of rare pediatric neurological diseases.
And while no research has been conducted to date, theoretical evidence suggests that coenzyme Q10 may help treat Alzheimer's disease. "From a conceptual standpoint, it is very reasonable to hypothesize that it could potentially be beneficial, particularly in view of this evidence from Parkinson's disease," adds Beal.
A six-year long study conducted by researchers at Scott and White Hospital in Temple, Texas, explored the use of CoQ10 in 126 heart failure patients in the early 1980s to find out whether the already established potential of Q10 in healing hearts could be sustained.
"They did great," says Dr. Peter Langsjoen, a cardiologist in private practice in Tyler, Texas, who conducted the study. "The improvement in heart function was sustained and if anything, the mortality was about a third of what was expected."
Heart muscle, because it is in constant motion, is high in CoQ10. Although it is not well understood, levels of Q10 decrease as people age and can be depleted even further when the heart muscle is damaged.
Because any disease process that involves free radical damage could be treated with coenzyme Q10, the theoretical therapeutic potential of this compound seems limitless. Cataracts, macular degeneration, side effects of chemotherapy and skin damage related to radiation exposure could all be helped by doses of Q10, proponents believe.
Coenzyme Q10 is also remarkably well tolerated, with few side effects noted in many trials that have studied its use.
The above statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Suggested Usage: As a dietary supplement, take 1 softgel 1 to 3 times daily, preferably with meals.
Additional information:
CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) helps convert food into energy at a very basic, cellular level and it is an antioxidant. CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) is one in a series of ubiquinones, naturally occurring compounds produced in nearly every cell of the body, and was discovered as recently as 1957.
Doctors commonly prescribe CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10) to treat heart disease in Japan, Sweden, Italy, Canada, and other countries.
Common Uses for CoQ10:
* Improves the heart and circulation in those with congestive heart failure, a weakened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy), high blood pressure, heart rhythm disorders, chest pain (angina), or Raynaud's disease.
* Treats gum disease and maintains health gums and teeth.
* Protects the nerves and may help slow Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease.
* May help prevent cancer and heart disease, and play a role in slowing down age-related degenerative changes.
* May improve the course of AIDS or cancer.
The primary function of CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10) is as a catalyst for metabolism - the complex chain of chemical reactions during which food is broken down into packets of energy that the body can use. Acting in conjunction with enzymes, the compound speeds up the vital metabolic process, providing the energy that the cells need to digest food, heal wounds, maintain healthy muscles, and perform countless other bodily functions. Because of the nutrient's essential role in energy production, it's not surprising that it is found in every cell in the body. It is especially abundant in the energy-intensive cells of the heart, helping this organ beat more than 100,000 times each day. In addition, coenzyme Q10 acts as an antioxidant, much like vitamins C and E, helping to neutralize the cell-damaging molecules known as free radicals.
CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) may play a role in preventing cancer, heart attacks, and other diseases linked to free-radical damage. It's also used as a general energy enhancer and anti-aging supplement. Because levels of the compound diminish with age (and with certain diseases), some doctors recommend daily supplementation beginning about age 40.
CoQ10 has generated much excitement as a possible therapy for heart disease, especially congestive heart failure or a weakened heart. In some studies, patients with a poorly functioning heart have been found to improve greatly after adding the supplement to their conventional drugs and therapies. Other studies have shown that people with cardiovascular disease have low levels of this substance in their heart. Further research suggest that CoQ10 may protect against blood clots, lower high blood pressure, diminish irregular heartbeats, treat mitral valve prolapse, lessen symptoms of Raynaud's disease (poor circulation in the extremities), and relieve chest plains (angina)).
A few small studies suggest that CoQ10 may prolong survival in those with breast or prostate cancer, though results remain inconclusive. It also appears to aid healing and reduce pain and bleeding in those with gum disease, and speed recovery following oral surgery. CoQ10 shows some promise against Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases and fibromyalgia, and it may improve stamina in those with AIDS. Certain practitioners believe the nutrient helps stabilize blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. There are many other claims make for CoQ10 that it slows aging, aids weight loss, enhances athletic performance, combats chronic fatigue syndrome, relieves multiple allergies, and boosts immunity.
The CoQ10 Cure?
Latest Benefit of Promising Antioxidant May be Neurodegenerative Disease
By Melinda T. Willis
Oct. 15, 2002 — Q10 or CoQ10, a commonly available dietary supplement, may soon be on many more people's lips … literally.
A powerful over-the-counter antioxidant, coenzyme Q10 has demonstrated significant potential in several disease areas from cardiology to cataracts to cancer. And now new research suggests it could help bring new hope to those with Parkinson's, the devastating neurodegenerative disease.
A study published in the journal Archives of Neurology suggests that coenzyme Q10 - CoQ10 may be able to accomplish what current treatments for Parkinson's disease cannot; slow its progression. The ailment afflicts between one-million and 1½ million Americans with 50,000 new cases reported every year.
In Parkinson's disease, research has shown that this free radical damage is greater in the area of the brain responsible for movement control, which leads to cell death and development of the disease.
In the latest research, 80 Parkinson's sufferers were randomly assigned to receive coenzyme Q10 at three different doses, or a placebo. The progressive deterioration in movement that characterizes the disease was slowed by 44 percent in those who took the highest doses.
Parkinson's is not the only neurodegenerative ailment for which coenzyme Q10's antioxidant effects may have an application.
In one recent trial published in the journal Neurology, CoQ10 was shown to have a 14 percent effect in slowing the progression of Huntington's disease. While this finding did not achieve statistical significance, it was viewed as encouraging nonetheless.
"The maximum dose was 600 milligrams per day," explains Dr. Flint Beal, professor and chair of neurology at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University in New York. "The dose that was used in the Parkinson's trial that shows the biggest effect is 1,200 milligrams per day. So it's conceivable that using a higher dose in Huntington's disease might have a bigger effect."
Q10 has shown small significant benefit in treating ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, and it has also has been used to treat a range of rare pediatric neurological diseases.
And while no research has been conducted to date, theoretical evidence suggests that coenzyme Q10 may help treat Alzheimer's disease. "From a conceptual standpoint, it is very reasonable to hypothesize that it could potentially be beneficial, particularly in view of this evidence from Parkinson's disease," adds Beal.
A six-year long study conducted by researchers at Scott and White Hospital in Temple, Texas, explored the use of CoQ10 in 126 heart failure patients in the early 1980s to find out whether the already established potential of Q10 in healing hearts could be sustained.
"They did great," says Dr. Peter Langsjoen, a cardiologist in private practice in Tyler, Texas, who conducted the study. "The improvement in heart function was sustained and if anything, the mortality was about a third of what was expected."
Heart muscle, because it is in constant motion, is high in CoQ10. Although it is not well understood, levels of Q10 decrease as people age and can be depleted even further when the heart muscle is damaged.
Because any disease process that involves free radical damage could be treated with coenzyme Q10, the theoretical therapeutic potential of this compound seems limitless. Cataracts, macular degeneration, side effects of chemotherapy and skin damage related to radiation exposure could all be helped by doses of Q10, proponents believe.
Coenzyme Q10 is also remarkably well tolerated, with few side effects noted in many trials that have studied its use.
The above statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Wednesday, June 2, 2010
Sunday, May 30, 2010
Unlocking the Secrets of Longevity Genes
Source: Scientific American
Date: February 2006
Unlocking the Secrets of Longevity Genes
A handful of genes that control the body's defenses during hard times can also dramatically improve health and prolong life in diverse organisms. Understanding how they work may reveal the keys to extending human life span while banishing diseases of old age
By David A. Sinclair and Lenny Guarente
You can assume quite a bit about the state of a used car just from its mileage and model year. The wear and tear of heavy driving and the passage of time will have taken an inevitable toll. The same appears to be true of aging in people, but the analogy is flawed because of a crucial difference between inanimate machines and living creatures: deterioration is not inexorable in biological systems, which can respond to their environments and use their own energy to defend and repair themselves.
At one time, scientists believed aging to be not just deterioration but an active continuation of an organism's genetically programmed development. Once an individual achieved maturity, "aging genes" began to direct its progress toward the grave. This idea has been discredited, and conventional wisdom now holds that aging really is just wearing out over time because the body's normal maintenance and repair mechanisms simply wane. Evolutionary natural selection, the logic goes, has no reason to keep them working once an organism has passed its reproductive age.
Yet we and other researchers have found that a family of genes involved in an organism's ability to withstand a stressful environment, such as excessive heat or scarcity of food or water, have the power to keep its natural defense and repair activities going strong regardless of age. By optimizing the body's functioning for survival, these genes maximize the individual's chances of getting through the crisis. And if they remain activated long enough, they can also dramatically enhance the organism's health and extend its life span. In essence, they represent the opposite of aging genes--longevity genes.
We began investigating this idea nearly 15 years ago by imagining that evolution would have favored a universal regulatory system to coordinate this well-known response to environmental stress. If we could identify the gene or genes that serve as its master controllers and thereby act as master regulators of an organism's life span, these natural defense mechanisms might be turned into weapons against the diseases and decline that are now apparently synonymous with human aging.
Many recently discovered genes, known by such cryptic names as daf-2, pit-1, amp-1, clk-1 and p66Shc, have been found to affect stress resistance and life span in laboratory organisms, suggesting that they could be part of a fundamental mechanism for surviving adversity. But our own two laboratories have focused on a gene called SIR2, variants of which are present in all organisms studied so far, from yeast to humans. Extra copies of the gene increase longevity in creatures as diverse as yeast, roundworms and fruit flies, and we are working to determine whether it does the same for larger animals, such as mice.
As one of the first longevity genes to have been identified, SIR2 is the best characterized, so we will focus here on its workings. They illustrate how a genetically regulated survival mechanism can extend life and improve health, and growing evidence suggests that SIR2 may be the key regulator of that mechanism.
Silence Is Golden
We first discovered that SIR2 is a longevity gene by asking what causes individual baker's yeast cells to grow old and whether a single gene might control aging in this simple organism. The notion that an understanding of yeast life span would tell us anything about human aging was deemed preposterous by many. Aging in yeast is measured by counting how many times mother cells divide to produce daughters before dying. A typical yeast cell's life span is about 20 divisions.
One of us (Guarente) began by screening yeast colonies for unusually long-lived cells in the hope of finding genes responsible for their longevity. This screen yielded a single mutation in a gene called SIR4, which encodes part of a complex of proteins containing the Sir2 enzyme. The mutation in SIR4 caused the Sir2 protein to gather at the most highly repetitive region of the yeast genome, a stretch containing the genes that encode the protein factories of the cell, known as ribosomal DNA (rDNA). More than 100 of these rDNA repeats exist in the average yeast cell's genome, and they are difficult to maintain in a stable state. Repetitive sequences are prone to "recombining" with one another, a process that in humans can lead to numerous illnesses, such as cancer and Huntington's disease. Our yeast findings suggested that aging in mother cells was caused by some form of rDNA instability that was mitigated by the Sir proteins.
In fact, we found a surprising kind of rDNA instability. After dividing several times, yeast mother cells spin off extra copies of the rDNA as circular rings that pop out of the genome. These extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) are copied along with the mother cell's chromosomes prior to cell division but remain in the mother cell's nucleus afterward. Thus, a mother cell accumulates an ever increasing number of circles that eventually spell her doom, possibly because copying the ERCs consumes so many resources that she can no longer manage to replicate her own genome.
When an extra copy of the SIR2 gene was added to the yeast cell, however, formation of the rDNA circles was repressed and the cell's life span was extended by 30 percent. That finding explained how sir2 could act as a longevity gene in yeast, but amazingly, we soon discovered that extra copies of the sir2 gene also extended the life span of roundworms by as much as 50 percent. We were surprised not only by this commonality in organisms separated by a vast evolutionary distance but by the fact that the adult worm body contains only nondividing cells--thus, the replicative aging mechanism in yeast could not apply to worms. We wanted to know exactly what the SIR2 gene does.
As we soon discovered, the gene encodes an enzyme with a completely novel activity. Cellular DNA is wrapped around a complex of packaging proteins called histones. These bear chemical tags, such as acetyl groups, that determine how snugly the histones package DNA. Removing acetyl groups from histones tightens the packaging further and renders the DNA inaccessible to the enzymes responsible for popping the rDNA circles out of the chromosome. This deacetylated form of DNA is said to be silent because any genes in these regions of the genome are rendered inaccessible to being activated.
Sir proteins were already known to be involved in gene silencing--indeed, SIR stands for silent information regulator. Sir2 is one of several enzymes that remove acetyl tags from the histones, but we discovered that it is unique in that its enzymatic activity absolutely requires a ubiquitous small molecule called NAD, which has long been known as a conduit of many metabolic reactions in cells. This association between Sir2 and NAD was exciting because it linked Sir2 activity to metabolism and thus potentially to the relation between diet and aging observed in calorie restriction.
The Calorie Connection
Restricting an animal's calorie intake is the most famous intervention known to extend life span. Discovered more than 70 years ago, it is still the only one absolutely proven to work. The restricted regime typically involves reducing an individual's food consumption by 30 to 40 percent compared with what is considered normal for its species. Animals ranging from rats and mice to dogs and possibly primates that remain on this diet not only live longer but are far healthier during their prolonged lives. Most diseases, including cancer, diabetes and even neurodegenerative illnesses, are forestalled. The organism seems to be supercharged for survival. The only apparent trade-off in some creatures is a loss of fertility.
Understanding the mechanisms by which calorie restriction works and developing medicines that reproduce its health benefits have been tantalizing goals for decades [see "The Serious Search for an Antiaging Pill," by Mark A. Lane, Donald K. Ingram and George S. Roth; Scientific American: The Science of Staying Young, 2004]. The phenomenon was long attributed to a simple slowing down of metabolism--cells' production of energy from fuel molecules--and therefore reduction of its toxic by-products in response to less food.
But this view now appears to be incorrect. Calorie restriction does not slow metabolism in mammals, and in yeast and worms, metabolism is both sped up and altered by the diet. We believe, therefore, that calorie restriction is a biological stressor like natural food scarcity that induces a defensive response to boost the organism's chances of survival. In mammals, its effects include changes in cellular defenses, repair, energy production and activation of programmed cell death known as apoptosis. We were eager to know what part Sir2 might play in such changes, so we looked first at its role during calorie restriction in simple organisms.
In yeast, we have found that restricting food availability affects two pathways that increase Sir2 enzymatic activity in the cells. On one hand, calorie restriction turns on a gene called PNC1, which produces an enzyme that rids cells of nicotinamide, a small molecule similar to vitamin B3 that normally represses Sir2. Consistent with the idea that calorie restriction is a stressor that activates a survival response, PNC1 is also stimulated by other mild stressors known to extend yeast life span, such as increased temperature or excessive amounts of salt.
A second pathway induced in yeast by restricted calories is respiration, a mode of energy production that creates NAD as a by-product while lowering levels of its counterpart, NADH. It turns out that not only does NAD activate Sir2, but NADH is an inhibitor of the enzyme, so altering the cell's NAD/NADH ratio profoundly influences Sir2 activity.
Having seen how life-extending biological stress increases Sir2 activity, the question became, Is Sir2 necessary to produce the longevity? The answer appears to be a resounding "yes." One way to test whether Sir2 is essential to this process is to remove its gene and determine whether the effect remains. In organisms as complex as fruit flies, calorie restriction does require SIR2 to extend life span. And because the body of an adult fruit fly contains numerous tissues that are analogous to mammalian organs, we suspect that calorie restriction in mammals is also likely to require SIR2.
Yet if humans are ever to reap the health benefits of calorie restriction, radical dieting is not a reasonable option. Drugs that can modulate the activity of Sir2 and its siblings (collectively referred to as Sirtuins) in a similar manner will be needed. Just such a Sirtuin-activating compound, or STAC, called resveratrol has proven particularly interesting. Resveratrol is a small molecule present in red wine and manufactured by a variety of plants when they are stressed. At least 18 other compounds produced by plants in response to stress have also been found to modulate Sirtuins, suggest?-ing that the plants may use such mole?-cules to control their own Sir2 enzymes.
Feeding resveratrol to yeast, worms or flies or placing them on a calorie-restricted diet extends their life spans about 30 percent, but only if they possess the SIR2 gene. Moreover, a fly that overproduces Sir2 has an increased life span that cannot be further extended by resveratrol or calorie restriction. The simplest interpretation is that calorie restriction and resveratrol each prolong the lives of fruit flies by activating Sir2.
Resveratrol-fed flies not only live longer, despite eating as much as they want, but they do not suffer from the reduced fertility often caused by calorie restriction. This is welcome news for those of us hoping to treat human diseases with molecules that target Sir2 enzymes. But first we want a better understanding of the role of Sir2 in mammals.
Leader of the Band
The mammalian version of the yeast SIR2 gene is known as SIRT1 ("SIR2 homolog 1"). It encodes a protein, Sirt1, that has the same enzymatic activity as Sir2 but that also deacetylates a wider variety of proteins both inside the cell nucleus and out in the cellular cytoplasm. Several of these proteins targeted by Sirt1 have been identified and are known to control critical processes, including apoptosis, cell defenses and metabolism. The potential longevity-enhancing role of the SIR2 gene family seems, therefore, to be preserved in mammals. But not surprisingly in larger and more complex organisms, the pathways by which Sirtuins achieve their effect have grown considerably more complicated as well.
Increased Sirt1 in mice and rats, for example, allows some of the animals' cells to survive in the face of stress that would normally trigger their programmed suicide. Sirt1 does this by regulating the activity of several other key cellular proteins, such as p53, FoxO and Ku70, that are involved either in setting a threshold for apoptosis or in prompting cell repair. Sirt1 thus enhances cellular repair mechanisms while buying time for them to work.
Over the course of a lifetime, cell loss from apoptosis may be an important factor in aging, particularly in nonrenewable tissues such as the heart and brain, and slowing cell death may be one way Sirtuins promote health and longevity. A striking example of Sirt1's ability to foster survival in mammalian cells can be seen in the Wallerian mutant strain of mouse. In these mice, a single gene is duplicated, and the mutation renders their neurons highly resistant to stress, which protects them against stroke, chemotherapy-induced toxicity and neurodegenerative diseases.
In 2004 Jeffrey D. Milbrandt of Washington University in St. Louis and his colleagues showed that the Wallerian gene mutation in these mice increases the activity of an enzyme that makes NAD, and the additional NAD appears to protect the neurons by activating Sirt1. Moreover, Milbrandt's group found that STACs such as resveratrol conferred a protective effect on the neurons of normal mice similar to the Wallerian mutation.
In a more recent study by Christian N. of the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, resveratrol and another STAC, fisetin, were shown to prevent nerve cells from dying in two different animal models (worm and mouse) of human Huntington's disease. In both cases, the protection by STACs required Sirtuin gene activity.
The protective effect of Sirtuins in individual cells is becoming increasingly clear. But if these genes are the mediators of calorie restriction's benefits, an unsolved puzzle remains how diet can regulate their activities and thus the rate of aging in an entire animal. Recent research by Pere Puigserver of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and his colleagues has shown that NAD levels rise in liver cells under fasting conditions, prompting increased Sirt1 activity. Among the proteins Sirt1 acts on is an important regulator of gene transcription called PGC-1, which then causes changes in the cell's glucose metabolism. Thus, Sirt1 was found to act both as a sensor of nutrient availability and a regulator of the liver's response.
Similar data have given rise to the idea that Sirt1 is a central metabolic regulator in liver, muscle and fat cells because it senses dietary variations via changes in the NAD/NADH ratio within cells and then exerts far-reaching effects on the pattern of gene transcription in those tissues. This model would explain how Sirt1 may integrate many of the genes and pathways that affect longevity described on page 54.
More than one mechanism may mediate Sirt1's bodywide activities, however. Another appealing hypothesis is that mammals register their food availability by the amount of energy they have stored in the form of body fat. Fat cells secrete hormones that convey signals to the other tissues in the body, but their message depends on the levels of fat stored. By reducing fat stores, calorie restriction may establish a pattern of hormone signals that communicates "scarcity," which activates cell defenses. Consistent with this idea is the fact that mice genetically engineered to be extra lean regardless of their food intake tend to live longer.
This possibility led us to wonder whether Sirt1, in turn, also regulates fat storage in response to diet. Indeed, Sirt1 activity is increased in fat cells after food limitation, causing fat stores to move from the cells into the bloodstream for conversion to energy in other tissues. We surmise that Sirt1 senses the diet, then dictates the level of fat storage and thus the pattern of hormones produced by fat cells. This effect on fat and the signals it sends would, in turn, set the pace of aging in the entire organism and make Sirt1 a key regulator of the longevity conferred by calorie restriction in mammals. It would also closely link aging and metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, associated with excess fat. Intervening pharmacologically in the Sirt1 pathway in fat cells might therefore forestall not only aging but also specific ailments.
Another critical process modified by Sirt1 is inflammation, which is involved in a number of disorders, including cancer, arthritis, asthma, heart disease and neurodegeneration. Recent work by Martin W. Mayo and his colleagues at the University of Virginia has shown that Sirt1 inhibits NF-B, a protein complex that promotes the inflammatory response. The Sirt1-activating compound resveratrol has the same effect. This finding is particularly encouraging, both because the search for molecules that inhibit NF-B is a highly active area of drug development and because another well-known effect of calorie restriction is its ability to suppress excessive inflammation.
If SIR2 is thus the master controller of a regulatory system for aging that is activated by stress, it may function by acting as the conductor of an orchestra of players that includes hormonal networks, intracellular regulatory proteins and other genes associated with longevity. One of the more notable discoveries in recent years was that Sirt1 regulates production of insulin and insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and that those two powerful signaling molecules, in turn, seem to regulate Sirt1 production as part of a complex feedback loop. The relation between Sirt1, IGF-1 and insulin is intriguing because it explains how Sirt1 activity in one tissue might be communicated to other cells in the body. Moreover, circulating levels of insulin and IGF-1 are known to dictate life span in various organisms--worms, flies, mice, possibly ourselves.
From Defense to Advance
Because people have sought to slow aging for tens of thousands of years without success, some may find it hard to accept that human aging might be controlled by tweaking a handful of genes. Yet we know it is possible to forestall aging in mammals with a simple dietary change: calorie restriction works. And we have shown that Sirtuin genes control many of the same molecular pathways as calorie restriction. Without actually knowing the precise, and potentially myriad, causes of aging, we have already demonstrated in a variety of life-forms that it can be delayed by manipulating a few regulators and letting them take care of the organisms' health.
We also know that the SIR2 family of genes evolved far back in time because today they are found in organisms ranging from baker's yeast, Leishmania parasites and roundworms to flies and humans. In all these organisms but the last, which has not yet been tested, Sirtuins dictate length of life. This fact alone convinces us that human Sirtuin genes probably hold the key to our health and longevity as well.
Both our labs are running carefully controlled mouse experiments that should soon tell us whether the SIRT1 gene controls health and life span in a mammal. We will not know definitively how Sirtuin genes affect human longevity for decades. Those who are hoping to pop a pill and live to 130 may have therefore been born a bit too early. Nevertheless, those of us already alive could live to see medications that modulate the activity of Sirtuin enzymes employed to treat specific conditions such as Alzheimer's, cancer, diabetes and heart disease. In fact, several such drugs have begun clinical trials for treatment of diabetes, herpes and neurodegenerative diseases.
And in the longer term, we expect that unlocking the secrets of longevity genes will allow society to go beyond treating illnesses associated with aging and prevent them from arising in the first place. It may seem hard to imagine what life will be like when people are able to feel youthful and live relatively free of today's diseases well into their 90s. Some may wonder whether tinkering with human life span is even a good idea. But at the beginning of the 20th century, life expectancy at birth was around 45 years. It has risen to about 75 thanks to the advent of antibiotics and public health measures that allow people to survive or avoid infectious diseases. Society adapted to that dramatic change in average longevity, and few people would want to return to life without those advances. No doubt, future generations accustomed to living past 100 will also look back at our current approaches to improving health as primitive relics of a bygone era.
Date: February 2006
Unlocking the Secrets of Longevity Genes
A handful of genes that control the body's defenses during hard times can also dramatically improve health and prolong life in diverse organisms. Understanding how they work may reveal the keys to extending human life span while banishing diseases of old age
By David A. Sinclair and Lenny Guarente
You can assume quite a bit about the state of a used car just from its mileage and model year. The wear and tear of heavy driving and the passage of time will have taken an inevitable toll. The same appears to be true of aging in people, but the analogy is flawed because of a crucial difference between inanimate machines and living creatures: deterioration is not inexorable in biological systems, which can respond to their environments and use their own energy to defend and repair themselves.
At one time, scientists believed aging to be not just deterioration but an active continuation of an organism's genetically programmed development. Once an individual achieved maturity, "aging genes" began to direct its progress toward the grave. This idea has been discredited, and conventional wisdom now holds that aging really is just wearing out over time because the body's normal maintenance and repair mechanisms simply wane. Evolutionary natural selection, the logic goes, has no reason to keep them working once an organism has passed its reproductive age.
Yet we and other researchers have found that a family of genes involved in an organism's ability to withstand a stressful environment, such as excessive heat or scarcity of food or water, have the power to keep its natural defense and repair activities going strong regardless of age. By optimizing the body's functioning for survival, these genes maximize the individual's chances of getting through the crisis. And if they remain activated long enough, they can also dramatically enhance the organism's health and extend its life span. In essence, they represent the opposite of aging genes--longevity genes.
We began investigating this idea nearly 15 years ago by imagining that evolution would have favored a universal regulatory system to coordinate this well-known response to environmental stress. If we could identify the gene or genes that serve as its master controllers and thereby act as master regulators of an organism's life span, these natural defense mechanisms might be turned into weapons against the diseases and decline that are now apparently synonymous with human aging.
Many recently discovered genes, known by such cryptic names as daf-2, pit-1, amp-1, clk-1 and p66Shc, have been found to affect stress resistance and life span in laboratory organisms, suggesting that they could be part of a fundamental mechanism for surviving adversity. But our own two laboratories have focused on a gene called SIR2, variants of which are present in all organisms studied so far, from yeast to humans. Extra copies of the gene increase longevity in creatures as diverse as yeast, roundworms and fruit flies, and we are working to determine whether it does the same for larger animals, such as mice.
As one of the first longevity genes to have been identified, SIR2 is the best characterized, so we will focus here on its workings. They illustrate how a genetically regulated survival mechanism can extend life and improve health, and growing evidence suggests that SIR2 may be the key regulator of that mechanism.
Silence Is Golden
We first discovered that SIR2 is a longevity gene by asking what causes individual baker's yeast cells to grow old and whether a single gene might control aging in this simple organism. The notion that an understanding of yeast life span would tell us anything about human aging was deemed preposterous by many. Aging in yeast is measured by counting how many times mother cells divide to produce daughters before dying. A typical yeast cell's life span is about 20 divisions.
One of us (Guarente) began by screening yeast colonies for unusually long-lived cells in the hope of finding genes responsible for their longevity. This screen yielded a single mutation in a gene called SIR4, which encodes part of a complex of proteins containing the Sir2 enzyme. The mutation in SIR4 caused the Sir2 protein to gather at the most highly repetitive region of the yeast genome, a stretch containing the genes that encode the protein factories of the cell, known as ribosomal DNA (rDNA). More than 100 of these rDNA repeats exist in the average yeast cell's genome, and they are difficult to maintain in a stable state. Repetitive sequences are prone to "recombining" with one another, a process that in humans can lead to numerous illnesses, such as cancer and Huntington's disease. Our yeast findings suggested that aging in mother cells was caused by some form of rDNA instability that was mitigated by the Sir proteins.
In fact, we found a surprising kind of rDNA instability. After dividing several times, yeast mother cells spin off extra copies of the rDNA as circular rings that pop out of the genome. These extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) are copied along with the mother cell's chromosomes prior to cell division but remain in the mother cell's nucleus afterward. Thus, a mother cell accumulates an ever increasing number of circles that eventually spell her doom, possibly because copying the ERCs consumes so many resources that she can no longer manage to replicate her own genome.
When an extra copy of the SIR2 gene was added to the yeast cell, however, formation of the rDNA circles was repressed and the cell's life span was extended by 30 percent. That finding explained how sir2 could act as a longevity gene in yeast, but amazingly, we soon discovered that extra copies of the sir2 gene also extended the life span of roundworms by as much as 50 percent. We were surprised not only by this commonality in organisms separated by a vast evolutionary distance but by the fact that the adult worm body contains only nondividing cells--thus, the replicative aging mechanism in yeast could not apply to worms. We wanted to know exactly what the SIR2 gene does.
As we soon discovered, the gene encodes an enzyme with a completely novel activity. Cellular DNA is wrapped around a complex of packaging proteins called histones. These bear chemical tags, such as acetyl groups, that determine how snugly the histones package DNA. Removing acetyl groups from histones tightens the packaging further and renders the DNA inaccessible to the enzymes responsible for popping the rDNA circles out of the chromosome. This deacetylated form of DNA is said to be silent because any genes in these regions of the genome are rendered inaccessible to being activated.
Sir proteins were already known to be involved in gene silencing--indeed, SIR stands for silent information regulator. Sir2 is one of several enzymes that remove acetyl tags from the histones, but we discovered that it is unique in that its enzymatic activity absolutely requires a ubiquitous small molecule called NAD, which has long been known as a conduit of many metabolic reactions in cells. This association between Sir2 and NAD was exciting because it linked Sir2 activity to metabolism and thus potentially to the relation between diet and aging observed in calorie restriction.
The Calorie Connection
Restricting an animal's calorie intake is the most famous intervention known to extend life span. Discovered more than 70 years ago, it is still the only one absolutely proven to work. The restricted regime typically involves reducing an individual's food consumption by 30 to 40 percent compared with what is considered normal for its species. Animals ranging from rats and mice to dogs and possibly primates that remain on this diet not only live longer but are far healthier during their prolonged lives. Most diseases, including cancer, diabetes and even neurodegenerative illnesses, are forestalled. The organism seems to be supercharged for survival. The only apparent trade-off in some creatures is a loss of fertility.
Understanding the mechanisms by which calorie restriction works and developing medicines that reproduce its health benefits have been tantalizing goals for decades [see "The Serious Search for an Antiaging Pill," by Mark A. Lane, Donald K. Ingram and George S. Roth; Scientific American: The Science of Staying Young, 2004]. The phenomenon was long attributed to a simple slowing down of metabolism--cells' production of energy from fuel molecules--and therefore reduction of its toxic by-products in response to less food.
But this view now appears to be incorrect. Calorie restriction does not slow metabolism in mammals, and in yeast and worms, metabolism is both sped up and altered by the diet. We believe, therefore, that calorie restriction is a biological stressor like natural food scarcity that induces a defensive response to boost the organism's chances of survival. In mammals, its effects include changes in cellular defenses, repair, energy production and activation of programmed cell death known as apoptosis. We were eager to know what part Sir2 might play in such changes, so we looked first at its role during calorie restriction in simple organisms.
In yeast, we have found that restricting food availability affects two pathways that increase Sir2 enzymatic activity in the cells. On one hand, calorie restriction turns on a gene called PNC1, which produces an enzyme that rids cells of nicotinamide, a small molecule similar to vitamin B3 that normally represses Sir2. Consistent with the idea that calorie restriction is a stressor that activates a survival response, PNC1 is also stimulated by other mild stressors known to extend yeast life span, such as increased temperature or excessive amounts of salt.
A second pathway induced in yeast by restricted calories is respiration, a mode of energy production that creates NAD as a by-product while lowering levels of its counterpart, NADH. It turns out that not only does NAD activate Sir2, but NADH is an inhibitor of the enzyme, so altering the cell's NAD/NADH ratio profoundly influences Sir2 activity.
Having seen how life-extending biological stress increases Sir2 activity, the question became, Is Sir2 necessary to produce the longevity? The answer appears to be a resounding "yes." One way to test whether Sir2 is essential to this process is to remove its gene and determine whether the effect remains. In organisms as complex as fruit flies, calorie restriction does require SIR2 to extend life span. And because the body of an adult fruit fly contains numerous tissues that are analogous to mammalian organs, we suspect that calorie restriction in mammals is also likely to require SIR2.
Yet if humans are ever to reap the health benefits of calorie restriction, radical dieting is not a reasonable option. Drugs that can modulate the activity of Sir2 and its siblings (collectively referred to as Sirtuins) in a similar manner will be needed. Just such a Sirtuin-activating compound, or STAC, called resveratrol has proven particularly interesting. Resveratrol is a small molecule present in red wine and manufactured by a variety of plants when they are stressed. At least 18 other compounds produced by plants in response to stress have also been found to modulate Sirtuins, suggest?-ing that the plants may use such mole?-cules to control their own Sir2 enzymes.
Feeding resveratrol to yeast, worms or flies or placing them on a calorie-restricted diet extends their life spans about 30 percent, but only if they possess the SIR2 gene. Moreover, a fly that overproduces Sir2 has an increased life span that cannot be further extended by resveratrol or calorie restriction. The simplest interpretation is that calorie restriction and resveratrol each prolong the lives of fruit flies by activating Sir2.
Resveratrol-fed flies not only live longer, despite eating as much as they want, but they do not suffer from the reduced fertility often caused by calorie restriction. This is welcome news for those of us hoping to treat human diseases with molecules that target Sir2 enzymes. But first we want a better understanding of the role of Sir2 in mammals.
Leader of the Band
The mammalian version of the yeast SIR2 gene is known as SIRT1 ("SIR2 homolog 1"). It encodes a protein, Sirt1, that has the same enzymatic activity as Sir2 but that also deacetylates a wider variety of proteins both inside the cell nucleus and out in the cellular cytoplasm. Several of these proteins targeted by Sirt1 have been identified and are known to control critical processes, including apoptosis, cell defenses and metabolism. The potential longevity-enhancing role of the SIR2 gene family seems, therefore, to be preserved in mammals. But not surprisingly in larger and more complex organisms, the pathways by which Sirtuins achieve their effect have grown considerably more complicated as well.
Increased Sirt1 in mice and rats, for example, allows some of the animals' cells to survive in the face of stress that would normally trigger their programmed suicide. Sirt1 does this by regulating the activity of several other key cellular proteins, such as p53, FoxO and Ku70, that are involved either in setting a threshold for apoptosis or in prompting cell repair. Sirt1 thus enhances cellular repair mechanisms while buying time for them to work.
Over the course of a lifetime, cell loss from apoptosis may be an important factor in aging, particularly in nonrenewable tissues such as the heart and brain, and slowing cell death may be one way Sirtuins promote health and longevity. A striking example of Sirt1's ability to foster survival in mammalian cells can be seen in the Wallerian mutant strain of mouse. In these mice, a single gene is duplicated, and the mutation renders their neurons highly resistant to stress, which protects them against stroke, chemotherapy-induced toxicity and neurodegenerative diseases.
In 2004 Jeffrey D. Milbrandt of Washington University in St. Louis and his colleagues showed that the Wallerian gene mutation in these mice increases the activity of an enzyme that makes NAD, and the additional NAD appears to protect the neurons by activating Sirt1. Moreover, Milbrandt's group found that STACs such as resveratrol conferred a protective effect on the neurons of normal mice similar to the Wallerian mutation.
In a more recent study by Christian N. of the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, resveratrol and another STAC, fisetin, were shown to prevent nerve cells from dying in two different animal models (worm and mouse) of human Huntington's disease. In both cases, the protection by STACs required Sirtuin gene activity.
The protective effect of Sirtuins in individual cells is becoming increasingly clear. But if these genes are the mediators of calorie restriction's benefits, an unsolved puzzle remains how diet can regulate their activities and thus the rate of aging in an entire animal. Recent research by Pere Puigserver of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and his colleagues has shown that NAD levels rise in liver cells under fasting conditions, prompting increased Sirt1 activity. Among the proteins Sirt1 acts on is an important regulator of gene transcription called PGC-1, which then causes changes in the cell's glucose metabolism. Thus, Sirt1 was found to act both as a sensor of nutrient availability and a regulator of the liver's response.
Similar data have given rise to the idea that Sirt1 is a central metabolic regulator in liver, muscle and fat cells because it senses dietary variations via changes in the NAD/NADH ratio within cells and then exerts far-reaching effects on the pattern of gene transcription in those tissues. This model would explain how Sirt1 may integrate many of the genes and pathways that affect longevity described on page 54.
More than one mechanism may mediate Sirt1's bodywide activities, however. Another appealing hypothesis is that mammals register their food availability by the amount of energy they have stored in the form of body fat. Fat cells secrete hormones that convey signals to the other tissues in the body, but their message depends on the levels of fat stored. By reducing fat stores, calorie restriction may establish a pattern of hormone signals that communicates "scarcity," which activates cell defenses. Consistent with this idea is the fact that mice genetically engineered to be extra lean regardless of their food intake tend to live longer.
This possibility led us to wonder whether Sirt1, in turn, also regulates fat storage in response to diet. Indeed, Sirt1 activity is increased in fat cells after food limitation, causing fat stores to move from the cells into the bloodstream for conversion to energy in other tissues. We surmise that Sirt1 senses the diet, then dictates the level of fat storage and thus the pattern of hormones produced by fat cells. This effect on fat and the signals it sends would, in turn, set the pace of aging in the entire organism and make Sirt1 a key regulator of the longevity conferred by calorie restriction in mammals. It would also closely link aging and metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, associated with excess fat. Intervening pharmacologically in the Sirt1 pathway in fat cells might therefore forestall not only aging but also specific ailments.
Another critical process modified by Sirt1 is inflammation, which is involved in a number of disorders, including cancer, arthritis, asthma, heart disease and neurodegeneration. Recent work by Martin W. Mayo and his colleagues at the University of Virginia has shown that Sirt1 inhibits NF-B, a protein complex that promotes the inflammatory response. The Sirt1-activating compound resveratrol has the same effect. This finding is particularly encouraging, both because the search for molecules that inhibit NF-B is a highly active area of drug development and because another well-known effect of calorie restriction is its ability to suppress excessive inflammation.
If SIR2 is thus the master controller of a regulatory system for aging that is activated by stress, it may function by acting as the conductor of an orchestra of players that includes hormonal networks, intracellular regulatory proteins and other genes associated with longevity. One of the more notable discoveries in recent years was that Sirt1 regulates production of insulin and insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and that those two powerful signaling molecules, in turn, seem to regulate Sirt1 production as part of a complex feedback loop. The relation between Sirt1, IGF-1 and insulin is intriguing because it explains how Sirt1 activity in one tissue might be communicated to other cells in the body. Moreover, circulating levels of insulin and IGF-1 are known to dictate life span in various organisms--worms, flies, mice, possibly ourselves.
From Defense to Advance
Because people have sought to slow aging for tens of thousands of years without success, some may find it hard to accept that human aging might be controlled by tweaking a handful of genes. Yet we know it is possible to forestall aging in mammals with a simple dietary change: calorie restriction works. And we have shown that Sirtuin genes control many of the same molecular pathways as calorie restriction. Without actually knowing the precise, and potentially myriad, causes of aging, we have already demonstrated in a variety of life-forms that it can be delayed by manipulating a few regulators and letting them take care of the organisms' health.
We also know that the SIR2 family of genes evolved far back in time because today they are found in organisms ranging from baker's yeast, Leishmania parasites and roundworms to flies and humans. In all these organisms but the last, which has not yet been tested, Sirtuins dictate length of life. This fact alone convinces us that human Sirtuin genes probably hold the key to our health and longevity as well.
Both our labs are running carefully controlled mouse experiments that should soon tell us whether the SIRT1 gene controls health and life span in a mammal. We will not know definitively how Sirtuin genes affect human longevity for decades. Those who are hoping to pop a pill and live to 130 may have therefore been born a bit too early. Nevertheless, those of us already alive could live to see medications that modulate the activity of Sirtuin enzymes employed to treat specific conditions such as Alzheimer's, cancer, diabetes and heart disease. In fact, several such drugs have begun clinical trials for treatment of diabetes, herpes and neurodegenerative diseases.
And in the longer term, we expect that unlocking the secrets of longevity genes will allow society to go beyond treating illnesses associated with aging and prevent them from arising in the first place. It may seem hard to imagine what life will be like when people are able to feel youthful and live relatively free of today's diseases well into their 90s. Some may wonder whether tinkering with human life span is even a good idea. But at the beginning of the 20th century, life expectancy at birth was around 45 years. It has risen to about 75 thanks to the advent of antibiotics and public health measures that allow people to survive or avoid infectious diseases. Society adapted to that dramatic change in average longevity, and few people would want to return to life without those advances. No doubt, future generations accustomed to living past 100 will also look back at our current approaches to improving health as primitive relics of a bygone era.
'Longevity Gene' Common Among People Living To 100 Years Old And Beyond
ScienceDaily (Feb. 4, 2009) — A variation in the gene FOXO3A has a positive effect on the life expectancy of humans, and is found much more often in people living to 100 and beyond – moreover, this appears to be true worldwide.
A research group in the Faculty of Medicine at the Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel (CAU) has now confirmed this assumption by comparing DNA samples taken from 388 German centenarians with those from 731 younger people. The results of the study appear this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ("PNAS").
Previously, in September 2008, an American research team led by Bradley J. Willcox had published in PNAS a study that indicated a higher frequency of this genetic variation in long-lived Americans of Japanese origin (ages 95 and above). Professor Almut Nebel, the scientific leader of the "Research Group for Healthy Ageing" at Kiel, comments: "That published result is only of scientific value if it can be confirmed in a study with an independently chosen sample population. Without that there must still remain a tinge of doubt. We have now eliminated that uncertainty about the connection between FOXO3A and longevity, both by our results from the German sample study and by the support from our French partners in Paris, whose research on French centenarians showed the same trend. This discovery is of particular importance as there are genetic differences between Japanese and European people. We can now conclude that this gene is probably important as a factor in longevity throughout the world."
FOXO3A is of great interest for genetic research on ageing, since it was reported in the 1990s that the gene was connected with ageing processes in worms and flies. It is because of those observations that the Kiel research group at the Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology has been working for a long time on variations of this gene in humans.
"The most difficult problem is to get enough old people, especially those aged 100 or more, to take part in such a study. Interestingly, the genetic effects are much more evident in 100-year-olds than in 95-year-olds", notes the first author of the report, Dr. Friederike Flachsbart of the Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology at Kiel University. However, through the support of the Schleswig Holstein biobank Popgen, which now contains over 660 DNA samples from centenarians, the institute in Kiel has access to one of the world’s largest collections of DNA samples from long-lived research subjects.
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Adapted from materials provided by Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet zu Kiel.
Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the following formats:
APA
MLA
Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet zu Kiel (2009, February 4). 'Longevity Gene' Common Among People Living To 100 Years Old And Beyond. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2009/02/090203081624.htm
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
enlarge
Dr. Friederike Flachsbart (left) and Professor Almut Nebel of the Kiel Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology examining the genetic samples from 100-year-old subjects. (Credit: Copyright: CAU; picture by Sandra Ogriseck)
A research group in the Faculty of Medicine at the Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel (CAU) has now confirmed this assumption by comparing DNA samples taken from 388 German centenarians with those from 731 younger people. The results of the study appear this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ("PNAS").
Previously, in September 2008, an American research team led by Bradley J. Willcox had published in PNAS a study that indicated a higher frequency of this genetic variation in long-lived Americans of Japanese origin (ages 95 and above). Professor Almut Nebel, the scientific leader of the "Research Group for Healthy Ageing" at Kiel, comments: "That published result is only of scientific value if it can be confirmed in a study with an independently chosen sample population. Without that there must still remain a tinge of doubt. We have now eliminated that uncertainty about the connection between FOXO3A and longevity, both by our results from the German sample study and by the support from our French partners in Paris, whose research on French centenarians showed the same trend. This discovery is of particular importance as there are genetic differences between Japanese and European people. We can now conclude that this gene is probably important as a factor in longevity throughout the world."
FOXO3A is of great interest for genetic research on ageing, since it was reported in the 1990s that the gene was connected with ageing processes in worms and flies. It is because of those observations that the Kiel research group at the Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology has been working for a long time on variations of this gene in humans.
"The most difficult problem is to get enough old people, especially those aged 100 or more, to take part in such a study. Interestingly, the genetic effects are much more evident in 100-year-olds than in 95-year-olds", notes the first author of the report, Dr. Friederike Flachsbart of the Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology at Kiel University. However, through the support of the Schleswig Holstein biobank Popgen, which now contains over 660 DNA samples from centenarians, the institute in Kiel has access to one of the world’s largest collections of DNA samples from long-lived research subjects.
Email or share this story:
| More
Story Source:
Adapted from materials provided by Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet zu Kiel.
Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the following formats:
APA
MLA
Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet zu Kiel (2009, February 4). 'Longevity Gene' Common Among People Living To 100 Years Old And Beyond. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 30, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2009/02/090203081624.htm
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
enlarge
Dr. Friederike Flachsbart (left) and Professor Almut Nebel of the Kiel Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology examining the genetic samples from 100-year-old subjects. (Credit: Copyright: CAU; picture by Sandra Ogriseck)
'Longevity Gene' Common Among People Living To 100 Years Old And Beyond
ScienceDaily (Feb. 4, 2009) — A variation in the gene FOXO3A has a positive effect on the life expectancy of humans, and is found much more often in people living to 100 and beyond – moreover, this appears to be true worldwide.
See Also:
Health & Medicine
* Genes
* Gene Therapy
* Human Biology
* Healthy Aging
* Personalized Medicine
* Forensics
Reference
* Senescence
* Longevity
* Vector (biology)
* Allele
A research group in the Faculty of Medicine at the Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel (CAU) has now confirmed this assumption by comparing DNA samples taken from 388 German centenarians with those from 731 younger people. The results of the study appear this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ("PNAS").
Previously, in September 2008, an American research team led by Bradley J. Willcox had published in PNAS a study that indicated a higher frequency of this genetic variation in long-lived Americans of Japanese origin (ages 95 and above). Professor Almut Nebel, the scientific leader of the "Research Group for Healthy Ageing" at Kiel, comments: "That published result is only of scientific value if it can be confirmed in a study with an independently chosen sample population. Without that there must still remain a tinge of doubt. We have now eliminated that uncertainty about the connection between FOXO3A and longevity, both by our results from the German sample study and by the support from our French partners in Paris, whose research on French centenarians showed the same trend. This discovery is of particular importance as there are genetic differences between Japanese and European people. We can now conclude that this gene is probably important as a factor in longevity throughout the world."
FOXO3A is of great interest for genetic research on ageing, since it was reported in the 1990s that the gene was connected with ageing processes in worms and flies. It is because of those observations that the Kiel research group at the Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology has been working for a long time on variations of this gene in humans.
"The most difficult problem is to get enough old people, especially those aged 100 or more, to take part in such a study. Interestingly, the genetic effects are much more evident in 100-year-olds than in 95-year-olds", notes the first author of the report, Dr. Friederike Flachsbart of the Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology at Kiel University. However, through the support of the Schleswig Holstein biobank Popgen, which now contains over 660 DNA samples from centenarians, the institute in Kiel has access to one of the world’s largest collections of DNA samples from long-lived research subjects.
Email or share this story:
ScienceDaily (Feb. 4, 2009) — A variation in the gene FOXO3A has a positive effect on the life expectancy of humans, and is found much more often in people living to 100 and beyond – moreover, this appears to be true worldwide.
See Also:
Health & Medicine
* Genes
* Gene Therapy
* Human Biology
* Healthy Aging
* Personalized Medicine
* Forensics
Reference
* Senescence
* Longevity
* Vector (biology)
* Allele
A research group in the Faculty of Medicine at the Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel (CAU) has now confirmed this assumption by comparing DNA samples taken from 388 German centenarians with those from 731 younger people. The results of the study appear this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ("PNAS").
Previously, in September 2008, an American research team led by Bradley J. Willcox had published in PNAS a study that indicated a higher frequency of this genetic variation in long-lived Americans of Japanese origin (ages 95 and above). Professor Almut Nebel, the scientific leader of the "Research Group for Healthy Ageing" at Kiel, comments: "That published result is only of scientific value if it can be confirmed in a study with an independently chosen sample population. Without that there must still remain a tinge of doubt. We have now eliminated that uncertainty about the connection between FOXO3A and longevity, both by our results from the German sample study and by the support from our French partners in Paris, whose research on French centenarians showed the same trend. This discovery is of particular importance as there are genetic differences between Japanese and European people. We can now conclude that this gene is probably important as a factor in longevity throughout the world."
FOXO3A is of great interest for genetic research on ageing, since it was reported in the 1990s that the gene was connected with ageing processes in worms and flies. It is because of those observations that the Kiel research group at the Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology has been working for a long time on variations of this gene in humans.
"The most difficult problem is to get enough old people, especially those aged 100 or more, to take part in such a study. Interestingly, the genetic effects are much more evident in 100-year-olds than in 95-year-olds", notes the first author of the report, Dr. Friederike Flachsbart of the Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology at Kiel University. However, through the support of the Schleswig Holstein biobank Popgen, which now contains over 660 DNA samples from centenarians, the institute in Kiel has access to one of the world’s largest collections of DNA samples from long-lived research subjects.
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Early Death Comes from Drinking Distilled Water
by Zoltan P. Rona, MD, MSc
During nearly 19 years of clinical practice I have had the opportunity to observe the health effects of drinking different types of water. Most of you would agree that drinking unfiltered tap water could be hazardous to your health because of things like parasites, chlorine, fluoride and dioxins.
Many health fanatics, however, are often surprised to hear me say that drinking distilled water on a regular, daily basis is potentially dangerous.
Paavo Airola wrote about the dangers of distilled water in the 1970's when it first became a fad with the health food crowd.
Distillation is the process in which water is boiled, evaporated and the vapour condensed. Distilled water is free of dissolved minerals and, because of this, has the special property of being able to actively absorb toxic substances from the body and eliminate them. Studies validate the benefits of drinking distilled water when one is seeking to cleanse or detoxify the system for short periods of time (a few weeks at a time). Fasting using distilled water can be dangerous because of the rapid loss of electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride) and trace minerals like magnesium, deficiencies of which can cause heart beat irregularities and high blood pressure. Cooking foods in distilled water pulls the minerals out of them and lowers their nutrient value.
Distilled water is an active absorber and when it comes into contact with air, it absorbs carbon dioxide, making it acidic. The more distilled water a person drinks, the higher the body acidity becomes. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Distilled water, being essentially mineral-free, is very aggressive, in that it tends to dissolve substances with which it is in contact. Notably, carbon dioxide from the air is rapidly absorbed, making the water acidic and even more aggressive. Many metals are dissolved by distilled water."
The most toxic commercial beverages that people consume (i.e. cola beverages and other soft drinks) are made from distilled water. Studies have consistently shown that heavy consumers of soft drinks (with or without sugar) spill huge amounts of calcium, magnesium and other trace minerals into the urine. The more mineral loss, the greater the risk for osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, hypothyroidism, coronary artery disease, high blood pressure and a long list of degenerative diseases generally associated with premature aging.
A growing number of health care practitioners and scientists from around the world have been advocating the theory that aging and disease is the direct result of the accumulation of acid waste products in the body.
There is a great deal of scientific documentation that supports such a theory. A poor diet may be partially to blame for the waste accumulation. Meats, sugar, white flour products, fried foods, soft drinks, processed foods, alcohol, dairy products and other junk foods cause the body to become more acidic. Stress, whether mental or physical can lead to acid deposits in the body.
There is a correlation between the consumption of soft water (distilled water is extremely soft) and the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Cells, tissues and organs do not like to be dipped in acid and will do anything to buffer this acidity including the removal of minerals from the skeleton and the manufacture of bicarbonate in the blood.
The longer one drinks distilled water, the more likely the development of mineral deficiencies and an acid state. I have done well over 3000 mineral evaluations using a combination of blood, urine and hair tests in my practice. Almost without exception, people who consume distilled water exclusively, eventually develop multiple mineral deficiencies.
Those who supplement their distilled water intake with trace minerals are not as deficient but still not as adequately nourished in minerals as their non-distilled water drinking counterparts even after several years of mineral supplementation.
The ideal water for the human body should be slightly alkaline and this requires the presence of minerals like calcium and magnesium.
Distilled water tends to be acidic and can only be recommended as a way of drawing poisons out of the body. Once this is accomplished, the continued drinking of distilled water is a bad idea.
Water filtered through reverse osmosis tends to be neutral and is acceptable for regular use provided minerals are supplemented.
Water filtered through a solid charcoal filter is slightly alkaline. Ozonation of this charcoal filtered water is ideal for daily drinking. Longevity is associated with the regular consumption of hard water (high in minerals). Disease and early death is more likely to be seen with the long term drinking of distilled water. Avoid it except in special circumstances.
About the Author
Dr. Rona is a leading proponent of natural, harmless, health-building alternatives to conventional medical care. He has a general practice where he has provided preventive medical counselling for seventeen years and is a past president of the Canadian Holistic Medical Association. His books The Joy of Health: A Doctor's Cuide To Nutrition, Alternative Medicine, Fertility Control: The Natural Approach, Return to the Joy of Health, and Childhood Illness and the Allergy Connection, have been well received, as have his countless articles on natural health topics. Dr. Rona is also a consultant to the Motherisk Program of the Toronto Hospital for Sick Children Department of Pharmacology and is known for his many public lectures and media appearances.
During nearly 19 years of clinical practice I have had the opportunity to observe the health effects of drinking different types of water. Most of you would agree that drinking unfiltered tap water could be hazardous to your health because of things like parasites, chlorine, fluoride and dioxins.
Many health fanatics, however, are often surprised to hear me say that drinking distilled water on a regular, daily basis is potentially dangerous.
Paavo Airola wrote about the dangers of distilled water in the 1970's when it first became a fad with the health food crowd.
Distillation is the process in which water is boiled, evaporated and the vapour condensed. Distilled water is free of dissolved minerals and, because of this, has the special property of being able to actively absorb toxic substances from the body and eliminate them. Studies validate the benefits of drinking distilled water when one is seeking to cleanse or detoxify the system for short periods of time (a few weeks at a time). Fasting using distilled water can be dangerous because of the rapid loss of electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride) and trace minerals like magnesium, deficiencies of which can cause heart beat irregularities and high blood pressure. Cooking foods in distilled water pulls the minerals out of them and lowers their nutrient value.
Distilled water is an active absorber and when it comes into contact with air, it absorbs carbon dioxide, making it acidic. The more distilled water a person drinks, the higher the body acidity becomes. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Distilled water, being essentially mineral-free, is very aggressive, in that it tends to dissolve substances with which it is in contact. Notably, carbon dioxide from the air is rapidly absorbed, making the water acidic and even more aggressive. Many metals are dissolved by distilled water."
The most toxic commercial beverages that people consume (i.e. cola beverages and other soft drinks) are made from distilled water. Studies have consistently shown that heavy consumers of soft drinks (with or without sugar) spill huge amounts of calcium, magnesium and other trace minerals into the urine. The more mineral loss, the greater the risk for osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, hypothyroidism, coronary artery disease, high blood pressure and a long list of degenerative diseases generally associated with premature aging.
A growing number of health care practitioners and scientists from around the world have been advocating the theory that aging and disease is the direct result of the accumulation of acid waste products in the body.
There is a great deal of scientific documentation that supports such a theory. A poor diet may be partially to blame for the waste accumulation. Meats, sugar, white flour products, fried foods, soft drinks, processed foods, alcohol, dairy products and other junk foods cause the body to become more acidic. Stress, whether mental or physical can lead to acid deposits in the body.
There is a correlation between the consumption of soft water (distilled water is extremely soft) and the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Cells, tissues and organs do not like to be dipped in acid and will do anything to buffer this acidity including the removal of minerals from the skeleton and the manufacture of bicarbonate in the blood.
The longer one drinks distilled water, the more likely the development of mineral deficiencies and an acid state. I have done well over 3000 mineral evaluations using a combination of blood, urine and hair tests in my practice. Almost without exception, people who consume distilled water exclusively, eventually develop multiple mineral deficiencies.
Those who supplement their distilled water intake with trace minerals are not as deficient but still not as adequately nourished in minerals as their non-distilled water drinking counterparts even after several years of mineral supplementation.
The ideal water for the human body should be slightly alkaline and this requires the presence of minerals like calcium and magnesium.
Distilled water tends to be acidic and can only be recommended as a way of drawing poisons out of the body. Once this is accomplished, the continued drinking of distilled water is a bad idea.
Water filtered through reverse osmosis tends to be neutral and is acceptable for regular use provided minerals are supplemented.
Water filtered through a solid charcoal filter is slightly alkaline. Ozonation of this charcoal filtered water is ideal for daily drinking. Longevity is associated with the regular consumption of hard water (high in minerals). Disease and early death is more likely to be seen with the long term drinking of distilled water. Avoid it except in special circumstances.
About the Author
Dr. Rona is a leading proponent of natural, harmless, health-building alternatives to conventional medical care. He has a general practice where he has provided preventive medical counselling for seventeen years and is a past president of the Canadian Holistic Medical Association. His books The Joy of Health: A Doctor's Cuide To Nutrition, Alternative Medicine, Fertility Control: The Natural Approach, Return to the Joy of Health, and Childhood Illness and the Allergy Connection, have been well received, as have his countless articles on natural health topics. Dr. Rona is also a consultant to the Motherisk Program of the Toronto Hospital for Sick Children Department of Pharmacology and is known for his many public lectures and media appearances.
Saturday, May 29, 2010
Our Bodies Were Made to Live Forever
Man's First Diet
Every cell in our bodies is periodically replaced with new cells. Our bodies have a phenomenal ability to heal. So why don't we live forever? Or at least for the 120 years that God promised after the fall of man? Could it have something to do with our diets?
First a bit of background information. According to the Word of God, man was created to live forever and would have without sin. After Adam and Eve sinned against God in the garden of Eden, God said that they would surely die. (Genesis 3:3) Sin caused a separation from God which ultimately prevented their bodies from living forever. For the next 10 generations mans life span was about 900 years. Just before the Flood of Noah when God saw the wickedness of man was great in the earth and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually, He declared that the life of man would be shortened to 120 years. (Genesis 6:3-6)
How did God shorten the life of man? In addition to a change in the environment God changed something else. After the flood God said that in addition to the green herbs - eat meat.
The first diet was given by God as recorded in the Bible in Genesis 1:29 And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for food.
After the Flood of Noah, God added meat to mans diet. Genesis 9:3 Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you; even as the green herb have I given you all things.
From that time on it took over 12 generations before the life span of man was reduced to about 120 years. Did God zap man to shorten his life? - Obviously not. It took over 12 generations. A slow zap? I don't think so. It was in part the animal products introduced just after the flood, the increase in the cooking of food and decrease in the eating of green plants.
So why don't we live for 120 years today? With the cooking of meat there probably came a gradual increase in the cooking of vegetables and fruits. And today our diets are terrible. Nearly every thing we eat is either cooked or processed, much of which contains animal products. At the same time we eat very few raw green plants. With a diet like this the new replacement cells that are constantly being created in our bodies are not as healthy as God intended. The end result is weak immune systems, sickness and disease, premature aging and early death.
What no meat? But didn't God instruct his priests to eat meat? Yes but he also told them not to eat the fat. He instructed them not to eat a number of animals and some seafood. Did they consume meat and/or dairy products at every meal every day? No way. Refrigeration is required to eat meat and dairy products like we do today. We have gone way over board. It's time to return to God's original diet.
Thousand of people today are finding that as they return to eating raw fruits and vegetables with food concentrates like Barleygreen and carrot juice (along with daily excersize) that their health dramatically improves
Over 150 Reports of Nutritional Benefits
Every cell in our bodies is periodically replaced with new cells. Our bodies have a phenomenal ability to heal. So why don't we live forever? Or at least for the 120 years that God promised after the fall of man? Could it have something to do with our diets?
First a bit of background information. According to the Word of God, man was created to live forever and would have without sin. After Adam and Eve sinned against God in the garden of Eden, God said that they would surely die. (Genesis 3:3) Sin caused a separation from God which ultimately prevented their bodies from living forever. For the next 10 generations mans life span was about 900 years. Just before the Flood of Noah when God saw the wickedness of man was great in the earth and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually, He declared that the life of man would be shortened to 120 years. (Genesis 6:3-6)
How did God shorten the life of man? In addition to a change in the environment God changed something else. After the flood God said that in addition to the green herbs - eat meat.
The first diet was given by God as recorded in the Bible in Genesis 1:29 And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for food.
After the Flood of Noah, God added meat to mans diet. Genesis 9:3 Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you; even as the green herb have I given you all things.
From that time on it took over 12 generations before the life span of man was reduced to about 120 years. Did God zap man to shorten his life? - Obviously not. It took over 12 generations. A slow zap? I don't think so. It was in part the animal products introduced just after the flood, the increase in the cooking of food and decrease in the eating of green plants.
So why don't we live for 120 years today? With the cooking of meat there probably came a gradual increase in the cooking of vegetables and fruits. And today our diets are terrible. Nearly every thing we eat is either cooked or processed, much of which contains animal products. At the same time we eat very few raw green plants. With a diet like this the new replacement cells that are constantly being created in our bodies are not as healthy as God intended. The end result is weak immune systems, sickness and disease, premature aging and early death.
What no meat? But didn't God instruct his priests to eat meat? Yes but he also told them not to eat the fat. He instructed them not to eat a number of animals and some seafood. Did they consume meat and/or dairy products at every meal every day? No way. Refrigeration is required to eat meat and dairy products like we do today. We have gone way over board. It's time to return to God's original diet.
Thousand of people today are finding that as they return to eating raw fruits and vegetables with food concentrates like Barleygreen and carrot juice (along with daily excersize) that their health dramatically improves
Over 150 Reports of Nutritional Benefits
Wednesday, May 26, 2010
The 8 Essential Glyconutrient Saccharides and What They Do
Glyconutrient saccharides make up what is called a glycoprotein that is also attached to lipids or fats. They cover the cells with a membrane allowing communication between the cells. Imagine these cells as infantry men going out to fight a war. If the monosaccharide chains making up the membrane are not complete in these cells, they cannot communicate with the rear of this army and could loose the war if attacked from behind. Much like being attacked by virus's, bacteria, or yeast infections.
Some of The Functions of Each Individual Glyconutrient Saccharide in The Body
The Glucose glyconutrient saccharide is the energy source for the nerve, red blood cells, and the kidneys. To much glucose can cause diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, obesity, elevated triglycerides, etc. Science has confirmed that to much glucose competes with all the other monosaccharides in the body. With our modern diets we get way to much of this in the form of sugar, pastas, and processed junk food. Is it any wonder that so many of us are so sick? Get the sugar out of your lives folks, and that includes your children if you have them.
The Galactose glyconutrient saccharide works by releasing substances that eat bad bacteria and cellular wastes. They also stimulate NK cells and inhibit cancer cell reproduction. Numerous scientific publications have discovered that the absense of galactose is related to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. It also promotes healthy calcium metabolism and its absorption preventing osteoporosis. It assists in keeping the good bacteria in the body healthy. Galactose can be found in milk by products and hopefully you have the lactase enzyme so you can digest these foods.
The Mannose glyconutrient saccharide activates the function of the macrophages in the immune system. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that attack, kill, and remove foreign invaders. They also remove waste that is caused by inflamation in the body. It also inhibits certain proinflammatory molecules that cause asthma, arthritis, lupus, etc. With cancer cells, mannose inhibits tumor growth and blocks communication between tumor cells. This prevents the spread of this disease and activates the natural action of NK cells to fight the disease. They defend the cells against bacteria by always arriving first and blocking the bacteria from damaging the cell. In diabetes it prevents the development of cataracts, and blocks urinary infections. It protects the diabetic from inflammation in the body caused by the disease. Mannose comes from aloe vera and cranberries, now you know why cranberry juice is good for urinary infections.
The Fucose glyconutrient saccharide intervenes as a modulator for the immune system especially in relation to allergies and inflammatory diseases. However, its scientifically proven main roll is to inhibit tumor growth. It is also important in the fight against bacteria that attack our respirartory system. Fucose is used up by the body in 24 hours after ingestion, so it must be ingested everyday to remain healthy.
The Xylose glyconutrient saccharide is very important in the process of intercellular communication and works as an enzyme in the immune and endocrine systems. It is also involved in molecule absorption and is involved in every cellular function in the body.
These glyconutrient saccharides below are actually bonded with an acid and are not in a sense "sweet"
The N-Acetylglucosamine glyconutrient saccharide has a well known beneficial effect against arthritis. It is part of the cartilage stucture and inhibits, prevents, and repairs the damage to the joints. It also inhibits the growth of cancerous cells as proven in scientific research. It has anti-viral properties and was found to effectively fight and prevent colds, influenza, and herpes.
The N-Acetylgalactosamine glyconutrient saccharide main roll is to help with the formation of hormones. This saccharide is also composed of hyalauronic acid and chondrotin sulfate, which form the structure of the connective tissue and cartilage in the skeletal structure. When this is in low supply, the collagen structure of the skin and joints fail. Wrinkles and degenerative skeletal disease soon follows.
The N-Acetylneuraminic acid or sialic acid glyconutrient saccharide plays a major role in mucuos secretions which allows for the correct lubricants in the body, and regulates where they need to be. It does this by making sure the mucous is the right consistancy for the defense of the body. Take for instance in the lungs; without the correct mucosal consistancy in the bronchial tubes, the lungs can dry up, allowing bacteria and fungi to easily infect the lung. If the levels of this saccharide drops, the incidence of diabetes, cancer, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, etc, increases. This saccharide is an inflammation regulator and controls and prevents inflammatory disease. It is also a biomarker that helps to control certain negative effects of our immune system. Take for instance allergies, when you are suffering from allergies your immune system is actually in a state of over activity from the lack of this saccharide. This also applies to psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis which can also be caused by an over active immune system. This glyconutrient saccharide also competes with bacteria and virus's at the molecular level, by blocking the pathogen from attaching to the cell, until the white blood cells and lymphocytes arrive and eat these invaders. After that happens the macrophages will clean up the mess. It also plays a roll in the regulation of the male and female reproductive hormones, and maintains the health of the nervous system.
The Many Benefits of Glyconutrient Saccharides
These glyconutrient saccharides have been scientifically proven too intervene in restoration and improvement of the immune system.
They will actually help the immune system repair any problems it may have wether it is overactive or underactive.
They have been found to have positive effects on asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus.
They improve the symptoms of peridontal disease, pain in cancer patients, and skin outbreaks also receive positive effects.
Glyconutrient saccharides inhibit bronchial allergies, contact dermititis, prevent arthritis, reducing pain and improving movement in those that already have arthritis.
They inhibit tumor growth, infections, and allow the healthy nourishment though the capillaries of all cells.
Glyconutrient saccharides protect against gastric ulcers, and regulate glucose in the blood thru the proper release of insulin.
They protect the body against developing cataracts, and protect against metabolic disease.
They improve circulation and help repair burns and other damaged tissues.
Glyconutrient saccharides protect and repair cells after intense exercise which causes a large cell die off in the body.
They also protect the body from oxidation and free radical damage.
They prohibit respiratory virus's and are anti-bacterial. Glyconutrient saccharides prevent diarrhea caused by microbial infection, and allergic reactions which is especially frequent in babies.
They improve iron absorption, vitamin absorption, and help wih the development of the brain.
Glyconutrient saccharides help prevent calcium deficiency and stimulate its absorption helping prevent osteoporosis.
Glyconutient saccharides maintain the healthy function of the digestive tract, keep the good bacteria healthy.
They improve memory and help prevent alzheimers disease.
They help reduce the withdrawal effects of drug addicts wether it be alcohol, smoking, or any other drug.
Glyconutrient saccharides regulate the nerve function and help chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, and add or adhd.
They improve the symptoms of muscular dystrophy and dyslexia no matter what the age.
These monosaccharides are absolutely necessary for the function of the endocrine system. There is more, but I think you get the idea that these glyconutrient saccharides are absolutely essential for every function in the body.
I think you can now see just how important these glyconutrient saccharides are for the health of the human body. They are more important than vitamins and minerals, without them, vitamins and minerals cannot be absorbed by the cells.
Some of The Functions of Each Individual Glyconutrient Saccharide in The Body
The Glucose glyconutrient saccharide is the energy source for the nerve, red blood cells, and the kidneys. To much glucose can cause diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, obesity, elevated triglycerides, etc. Science has confirmed that to much glucose competes with all the other monosaccharides in the body. With our modern diets we get way to much of this in the form of sugar, pastas, and processed junk food. Is it any wonder that so many of us are so sick? Get the sugar out of your lives folks, and that includes your children if you have them.
The Galactose glyconutrient saccharide works by releasing substances that eat bad bacteria and cellular wastes. They also stimulate NK cells and inhibit cancer cell reproduction. Numerous scientific publications have discovered that the absense of galactose is related to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. It also promotes healthy calcium metabolism and its absorption preventing osteoporosis. It assists in keeping the good bacteria in the body healthy. Galactose can be found in milk by products and hopefully you have the lactase enzyme so you can digest these foods.
The Mannose glyconutrient saccharide activates the function of the macrophages in the immune system. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that attack, kill, and remove foreign invaders. They also remove waste that is caused by inflamation in the body. It also inhibits certain proinflammatory molecules that cause asthma, arthritis, lupus, etc. With cancer cells, mannose inhibits tumor growth and blocks communication between tumor cells. This prevents the spread of this disease and activates the natural action of NK cells to fight the disease. They defend the cells against bacteria by always arriving first and blocking the bacteria from damaging the cell. In diabetes it prevents the development of cataracts, and blocks urinary infections. It protects the diabetic from inflammation in the body caused by the disease. Mannose comes from aloe vera and cranberries, now you know why cranberry juice is good for urinary infections.
The Fucose glyconutrient saccharide intervenes as a modulator for the immune system especially in relation to allergies and inflammatory diseases. However, its scientifically proven main roll is to inhibit tumor growth. It is also important in the fight against bacteria that attack our respirartory system. Fucose is used up by the body in 24 hours after ingestion, so it must be ingested everyday to remain healthy.
The Xylose glyconutrient saccharide is very important in the process of intercellular communication and works as an enzyme in the immune and endocrine systems. It is also involved in molecule absorption and is involved in every cellular function in the body.
These glyconutrient saccharides below are actually bonded with an acid and are not in a sense "sweet"
The N-Acetylglucosamine glyconutrient saccharide has a well known beneficial effect against arthritis. It is part of the cartilage stucture and inhibits, prevents, and repairs the damage to the joints. It also inhibits the growth of cancerous cells as proven in scientific research. It has anti-viral properties and was found to effectively fight and prevent colds, influenza, and herpes.
The N-Acetylgalactosamine glyconutrient saccharide main roll is to help with the formation of hormones. This saccharide is also composed of hyalauronic acid and chondrotin sulfate, which form the structure of the connective tissue and cartilage in the skeletal structure. When this is in low supply, the collagen structure of the skin and joints fail. Wrinkles and degenerative skeletal disease soon follows.
The N-Acetylneuraminic acid or sialic acid glyconutrient saccharide plays a major role in mucuos secretions which allows for the correct lubricants in the body, and regulates where they need to be. It does this by making sure the mucous is the right consistancy for the defense of the body. Take for instance in the lungs; without the correct mucosal consistancy in the bronchial tubes, the lungs can dry up, allowing bacteria and fungi to easily infect the lung. If the levels of this saccharide drops, the incidence of diabetes, cancer, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, etc, increases. This saccharide is an inflammation regulator and controls and prevents inflammatory disease. It is also a biomarker that helps to control certain negative effects of our immune system. Take for instance allergies, when you are suffering from allergies your immune system is actually in a state of over activity from the lack of this saccharide. This also applies to psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis which can also be caused by an over active immune system. This glyconutrient saccharide also competes with bacteria and virus's at the molecular level, by blocking the pathogen from attaching to the cell, until the white blood cells and lymphocytes arrive and eat these invaders. After that happens the macrophages will clean up the mess. It also plays a roll in the regulation of the male and female reproductive hormones, and maintains the health of the nervous system.
The Many Benefits of Glyconutrient Saccharides
These glyconutrient saccharides have been scientifically proven too intervene in restoration and improvement of the immune system.
They will actually help the immune system repair any problems it may have wether it is overactive or underactive.
They have been found to have positive effects on asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus.
They improve the symptoms of peridontal disease, pain in cancer patients, and skin outbreaks also receive positive effects.
Glyconutrient saccharides inhibit bronchial allergies, contact dermititis, prevent arthritis, reducing pain and improving movement in those that already have arthritis.
They inhibit tumor growth, infections, and allow the healthy nourishment though the capillaries of all cells.
Glyconutrient saccharides protect against gastric ulcers, and regulate glucose in the blood thru the proper release of insulin.
They protect the body against developing cataracts, and protect against metabolic disease.
They improve circulation and help repair burns and other damaged tissues.
Glyconutrient saccharides protect and repair cells after intense exercise which causes a large cell die off in the body.
They also protect the body from oxidation and free radical damage.
They prohibit respiratory virus's and are anti-bacterial. Glyconutrient saccharides prevent diarrhea caused by microbial infection, and allergic reactions which is especially frequent in babies.
They improve iron absorption, vitamin absorption, and help wih the development of the brain.
Glyconutrient saccharides help prevent calcium deficiency and stimulate its absorption helping prevent osteoporosis.
Glyconutient saccharides maintain the healthy function of the digestive tract, keep the good bacteria healthy.
They improve memory and help prevent alzheimers disease.
They help reduce the withdrawal effects of drug addicts wether it be alcohol, smoking, or any other drug.
Glyconutrient saccharides regulate the nerve function and help chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, and add or adhd.
They improve the symptoms of muscular dystrophy and dyslexia no matter what the age.
These monosaccharides are absolutely necessary for the function of the endocrine system. There is more, but I think you get the idea that these glyconutrient saccharides are absolutely essential for every function in the body.
I think you can now see just how important these glyconutrient saccharides are for the health of the human body. They are more important than vitamins and minerals, without them, vitamins and minerals cannot be absorbed by the cells.
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